Iraq War Essay

The Iraq war is also known as the Occupation of Iraq and it started on 20th March 2003, the war was spearheaded by the United States of America which was also backed by the U. K. There were other countries that had small forces in the invasion but they did not have many troops as compared to the US and the Britain, these countries included Australia, Poland, Denmark and Spain. This invasion marked the beginning of the current Iraq war. The major reason for the invasion was to end the Saddam regime which was believed to be supporting terrorist activities, it was also aimed at disarming Iraq which was said to be in possession of weapons of mass destruction and the last reason for the invasion was to free the people of Iraq from the dictatorship of Saddam (Allen, Mike and Juliet, 2002). The trigger of the war is said to have been the failure of Iraq to disarm itself of the biological, chemical and nuclear weapons that the US and its allies said were a threat to the world peace. Some of the traditional allies of the United States opposed the war and argued that there was no evidence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq; some of these countries were Germany, France and Canada. The invasion started with an air strike at the Presidential palace which was later followed by attacks on the southern side of Iraq. The coalition forces operated from a point near the Kuwait-Iraq border. The Iraq war is said to have caused very many protests all over the world with the largest protest in Rome where more than three million people protested against the war. The United States-Turkish relationship was greatly affected by what preceded the aftermath of the war on Iraq. For the last Fifty years there has been a very good Turkish-American partnership which can be seen in the efforts that the two countries have made in Korea, Kosovo and Bosnia. In the year 1999 when President Clinton visited Turkey after an earthquake he described their relationship as a very strategic partnership and there was a lot of support fir the partnership between the two nations. The strong partnership began to deteriorate in March 2003 when the US was almost attacking Iraq. The effect of this was felt when the Turkish parliament rejected the request by the US to allow the US troops to go through Turkey just before the war started. Most people in Turkey were against the war with 95% of the whole population being against the war and this forced the government to reject the US request although it was seen as a loss to the Turkish government as it lost a lot of grants and loans that would have come with the agreement. Although the Turkey government wants to renew the relationship with the United States there is a feeling that the instability that was caused by the war on the Turkish border with the Northern Iraq has caused a lot of damage to the Turkish tourism industry. The Iraq war caused the relationship that existed between the US and the Turkish government to be highly affected. The US sees Turkey as a very important country because it is a country with a makority of Muslims but it has exercised a successful democracy, Turkey is also a link between the Central Asia and the Europe in matters relating to energy and Turkey has also played a major part as a broker in the Middle East. The effort of the US government to encourage the Turkish government to form good relations with the Iraqis was greatly affected after the war due to the instability that exists in the Northern Iraq region. The Iraq war also led to an alarming increase in the anti-American slogans among the Turks because of the instability in Turkey that was as a result of the Iraq war. The Iraq war resulted in a lot of strain between the Turkish government and the US but this can be put on hold by the US allowing Turkey to perform a Major role in the reconstruction of Iraq. The other area that was greatly affected by the war is the education sector in Turkey, students from Turkey no longer wants to socialize with the Americans and the Europeans after the war (Council on foreign relations, 2003). The other major effect of the war in Iraq is that it created fear in the Arab countries and most of these countries no longer trust the US or the UK. Most of the Arab countries felt that Iraq was only the first country in what they referred to as the domino effect of democracy and they believe that with the successful introduction of democracy in Iraq there will be more attacks in the Middle East with the aim of installing democracy. This has caused the Arab countries to live in fear of attacks from the US and the UK and therefore they end up arming themselves and at the same time carrying out jihads. The war has also created very high sensitivity in Iran about the regional involvement of the U. S in the country and they believe that those people in the Islamic republic are surrounded by a number of countries which are allies to the U. S and this has caused a lot of fear to the people in the Arab countries. The other major effect that the war has had is that it has led to the collapse of the strong relationship that existed between the United States and the U. K and Syria. This has been attributed to the fact that it is feared that Iraq transferred its weapons of mass destruction to Syria when it was about to be attacked by the coalition forces, this has resulted to a lot of tension in Syria for the fear that the country may be attacked by the coalition forces in search of the weapons of mass destruction. The other major effect of the war on Iraq has been in Saudi Arabia, there have been fears of a military attack against Saudi Arabia and also the increased pressure from the United States of America on Saudi Arabia to collaborate in the war against terrorism. The Saudi-U. S relations have been less than ideal in the current days and this made the Saudis think that the Bush administration was using its military force in Iraq so as to influence something from the Saudis. There has been a great deal of uncertainty in the Arab countries with the people thinking that because of the success of the military action on Iraq the United States and its allies may use the same on most of the Arab countries. The other major effect of the war was that there were increased cases of terrorism activities in the U.  S and the U. K when the war against Iraq was declared, this was because the Arab countries were opposed to the war and because they could not convince the U. S and the U. K not to attack Iraq they opted for terrorist activities. The attack against Iraq was also aimed at bringing out the link between the 9/11 bombing in U. S and the Saddam regime but this was not evident and therefore most of the Iraqis felt that the attack was simply to impose a government that was created by the United States and its allies. Baghdad and Damascus are towns in Iraq that are filled with terrorists of the old days but there was no evidence to link these people to the 9/11 bombing in U. S. and this clearly indicated that those who lost their lives in Iraq during the war were not the terrorists responsible for the 9/11 attacks (Leslie, 2004). Muslims all over the world had at first opposed the attack by Al Qaeda on U. S, but this was then reversed when the U. S attacked Iraq and triggered more chaos from the Arab communities. As a result of the war on Iraq moderate Muslims began to support anyone who is out to defend the Muslim land and the values of the Islam religion against any group of people aimed at crashing the Muslims. Due to this the relationship that was there especially in Iraq and Palestine between the U. S and the U. K and the Muslims was greatly affected as the Muslims thought that the U. S and the U. K were out to bring to an end their religion. The war in Iraq has resulted in more bitterness and instability in Iraq as more young Muslims are coming up with a form of jihad that is more volatile than it used to be in the past. The American policy makers have very little appreciation on how their military actions in Iraq, Lebanon and Afghanistan is causing a lot of radicals in the Muslims opinions and also creating very many radical groups that are aimed at fighting for the sake of their faith. This has caused a very poor perception of the citizens of the Arab countries in that they are seen as terrorists just because of being an Arab. The relationship between students from Arab countries and those from the United States or the U. K has also been affected by this perception (Fawaz, 2006). The civil unrest that was experienced in Iraq had very major effects on the relation of the U. S and U. K and the neighbouring countries of Iraq. The problems that the neighbours of Iraq are facing will continue even with a steady improvement of the situation in Iraq and the situation would be worse if the situation in Iraq deteriorates. The most dangerous effect of the Iraq war would be due to sectarian and ethnic conflicts in Iraq. The sectarian hatred that may arise in Iraq will lead to civil unrest in Iraq and this would also affect the countries that are neighbouring Iraq. These countries would then in turn blame the U. S and its allies because they caused the war in Iraq. The Iraq people and its allies felt that they would not be welcomed in the United States in case they face any disasters in their countries and this also broke the relationship that was there between the Arab countries and the United States. This can be seen during the war because those Iraqis that were affected by the war were put in refugee camps and treated in a very inhuman way. The other major effect of the war on the relation of the Arab and the U. S and U. K was that there were reduced tourism activities between these nations for the fear of terrorism (Andrew, 2008). The war against Iraq also had an effect on the global terrorism and contrary to what George Bush and Tony Blair argued it is evident that the war brought about increased global terrorism. This is evident in that the number of people killed in jihad attacks has increased steadily from the time when the Iraq war started. The Iraq war is also seen to have caused an increase in the spread of the Al Qaeda activities in the Arab countries with the reason that they are out to fight for the Muslims all over the world. The increase in the Al Qaeda activities has caused a lot of insecurity in most of the Arab countries and this is attributed to the war against Iraq and therefore the Arabs find the U. S and the U. K as countries that are out to cause more problems in their countries (Kim and Patrick, 2007). When asked for the reasons for the U.  S attack against Iraq most of the citizens of the Arab nations like Egypt, United Arab Emirates and Jordan give three most common answers. Of these most of the Arabs think that the United States was out to acquire oil reserves in Iraq and protect Israel, but the most astonishing answer given by citizens in the Arab nations is that they were out to weaken the Muslim community. This has led to break down of the relationship that existed between the Arab nations and the U. S and U. K. as the Arabs see the U. S and the U.  K as people who are out to weaken them. The broad perception of the U. S military attack against the Muslim world is that there has been a collapse in the confidence that the Arab nations had on the United States and the U. K. Before the failure of the U. S backed peace talks between Israel and Palestine in 2000 that were mediated by President Clinton, around 60% of the people interviewed in Saudi said that they had confidence in the United States but this ceased with the attack by United States against Iraq in 2003. Lack of trust in the U. S and the U.  K meant that there would be no negotiations that were headed by the two countries in the Arab countries because without trust negotiation does not make any sense at all. The other factor that led to the failure of the relation between the Arab nations and the United States is because of the insistence of the Bush administration on democracy in the Arab nations. They argued that instilling democracy in the Arab nations would greatly increase security in the world, but this was not the case because after the formation of a democratic government in Iraq there have been increased attacks in Iraq by jihads (Kevin, 2005). The war against Iraq also brought about some economic and emotional effects in the Arab nations. The Arab nations felt that they had the responsibility of supporting their fellow Muslims who were suffering in Iraq and therefore they dedicated a lot of resources to the Iraqis, was it not for the war that had been sparked by the United States and the U. K the Arab nations argue that they would have used these resources for their own developments. The Arabs also feel that they were weakened by the war on Iraq in that America took control of the oil wells in Iraq indicating that the Americans were not aimed at imposing a democratic system of government in Iraq but they were out to capture the oil wells in Iraq (Bruno, 2007). In the past five years four and a half million people have left Iraq as refugees, this has therefore put a lot of pressure on the neighbouring countries in that they have to care for the refugees. The neighbouring countries to Iraq have therefore broken the strong relationship that they had with the United States and the U.  K because they term them as the major cause of the problem they are currently facing. Security in the countries around Iraq has also deteriorated due to the fact that terrorists are heading to the neighbouring countries from where they launch their attacks claiming to be fighting for the Muslim religion. The Arab nations feel that the war against Iraq has led to congestion in the Iraq hospitals due to the many casualties that have to be treated in the hospitals and at the same time the hospitals lack qualified personnel and equipments to treat all the casualties. This has made the United States and the U.  K be seen as very inhuman hence collapse of the relation between them and the Arab nations (Robert, 2005). The other major decline in the relations between Arabs and U. S and U. K can be seen in the area of trade. After the war on Iraq was declared the Arab nations reduced their trade with the two major countries that spearheaded the war. This caused a rise in the price of oil which is the major product of the Arab nations. The Arabs also felt that the war on Iraq caused an increase in the Cross border terrorism due to the large number of refugees who flew the war torn Iraq. These acts of terrorism that the neighbouring countries suffered from made them lose the trust they had on the Americans and the people of U. K. There was also the issue of trans-national crime that came with the refugees from Iraq. Tourism activities were also greatly affected in the Arab countries because people from the U. S and the U. K feared travelling to Arab countries because of the increased acts of terrorism that had hit the whole world. The Arabs also developed a very bad perception for the Americans and the people of U.  K; they viewed these people as oppressors of the Muslim community. This had a great effect in those U. S and U. K citizens that were living in Arab countries with some of them having to be forced to go back to their home countries due to fear of being attacked by jihads. The U. S and U. K relation with the Arab countries declined due to the war and this forced some of the U. S or U. K organizations that were based in the Arab countries to return back to their home countries. This shows that business ties between the Arabs and the U. S and U. K were declining.

African American Criticism Essay

Lois Tyson in the â€Å"African American Criticism† section of his famous book â€Å"Critical Theory Today† tried to make familiar the readers with the fundamental aspects of African American literary history. In this mission he explained different important and concerning factors which arise in the mind of the reader while reading the book. Actually to satisfy the need of the students who are ignorant or less knowledgeable about different major issues of African American History like the Great Migration, the Civil Rights movement, the Black Power Movement and many others, he wrote this book. Moreover African American being a large population in the United States contributed immensely to the arts and literature of the American society. He also drew the attention of the readers of the book to the unjustified fact of exclusion of the African American history and culture from the authorized description of American history during 1960s. Throughout the section the author called for a major change in the self-identification and self-awareness of the African Americans in the late 1960s. Moreover he also pointed out the fact that then many African Americans were victims of internalized racism which â€Å"results from the psychological programming by which a racist society indoctrinates people of color to believe in white superiority† (Tyson 383). Mentioning some examples the author showed that this internalized racism sometimes led to intra-racial racism by giving birth to severe discriminations to the black people. This intra-racial racism had its own adverse effects on the socio economic structure of the Postcolonial American society. Readers also come to know that apart from being the victims of both internalized racism and intra-racial racism which have devastating psychological effects among the African Americans, they also suffered from â€Å"economic hardship and social marginalization caused by institutionalized racism† (Tyson 383). The story also nicely portrays that how these African Americans experienced â€Å"double consciousness† or â€Å"double vision† in this Postcolonial American society. Actually they have to follow two different cultures. The first is original black culture which is followed at the home and the other is European culture gifted by the white-skinned Americans which is followed at the school or college or workplace. This book also discusses the evolution of American literature and the influence of Afro centric literature on it. Critics often agree that most of the African American literature highlighted different sociological and political issues which greatly influence the lives of African Americans. So far what we have discussed the different aspects of African American Criticism and the much awaited response which came into play to make this artifact a grand success and thus helping the African Americans to get a congenial and favorable environment to live in. Thus the book was able to portray the conditions of African Americans giving much importance to their history and criticized the whole thing with a positive attitude which left a deep impact on a large number of people. Works Cited Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. , 1999.

Anthem comparison

The novel 1984 takes place in a dyspepsia society in which everyone is treated equal, and the government has complete control over every aspect of a person's life. This Is much like the novel Anthem. In both books, all the citizens of the societies are equal, punishments are very strict, and the government has absolute power over all people. In 1984, every is treated equal. People In the country of Oceania cannot have friends, they have comrades, because everyone Is equal In the eyes of big brother.This Is much like the citizens In Anthem. The citizens of this society also cannot have friends, they must treat everyone the same and they are not supposed to Like one person more than another. In both novels, crimes are punished very severely. In 1984 any person who Is convicted of committing a â€Å"thought crime† Is Annealed†. This Is when the thought police kill the person and any record of their existence Is completely erased from history. In the Anthem, crimes are also punished severely.In this society, any person who breaks a rule, or does something that the council does not tell you to do, that person is sent to prison. Or if the council finds the crime to be too serious, the person is burned at the stake in the town square. Another way both stories are the same, is the way the government has complete control over all the citizens. In 1984, the ministries are in complete control of rationing food, punishing crimes, and what is allowed in the media.These ministries are very much like the councils in the Anthem. The councils are in charge of creating all laws, punishing crimes, and choosing Jobs for all the citizens of the society. In conclusion, all the citizens of the societies are equal, punishments are very strict, and the government has absolute power over all people in both 1984 and Anthem. These are only three of the many numerous ways that these two novels are similar.

Female Charcters in Fairy Tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Female Charcters in Fairy Tales - Essay Example Not all agree with the claim that traditional fairy tales such as â€Å"Cinderella† positively portray females. Pollitt maintains that it is virtually impossible to come across a fairytale in which women are portrayed as â€Å"active, brave and determined.† Instead, in the world of fairytales, Pollitt (1995, p. 479) maintains that females â€Å"blend seamlessly into the animated cereal commercials.† Indeed, these remarks are perfectly applicable to the Disney film versions of â€Å"Cinderella,† â€Å"Snow White,† and â€Å"Sleeping Beauty,† among others. In none of these movies do the female characters commit themselves to any action or even make an attempt at defending themselves. Cinderella’s single act of rebellion was to go to the ball without her stepmother’s knowledge but with her fairy godmother's permission and protection. This act is never repeated. In the shoe-fitting scene, she hangs back and does not come forward unt il she is pressed to by Palace officials. This is the ultimate in passivity since she knew that were she just to step forward, her entire life would change. She does not, however, and this in itself, evidences the fact that the course and direction of her life are shaped by others and not be herself. Consequently, within the context of Disney’s film versions of popular fairy tales as â€Å"Cinderella,† one can safely assert the prevalence of negative gender stereotypes. The negative gender stereotypes which audiences can detect in Disney’s â€Å"Cinderella† were not imposed upon the movie by the fairytale itself.... The negative gender stereotypes which audiences can detect in Disney's "Cinderella" were not imposed upon the movie by the fairytale itself, since, in none of its versions are females depicted in this weak, passive and inactive manner. In different versions of the "Cinderella" story, the male character does not make any impression at all, and is only reacts to the actions of the female characters. In the Grimm version, the action of the plot is shaped by the step sisters' determination that Cinderella does not go to the ball, and Cinderella's determination to go. She defies her stepsister when she does not perform the tasks they set for her but has the magic pigeons do it for her. Furthermore, all through this story, the events are shaped by Cinderella's dead mother's spirit. She is the one who sends her daughter the pigeons and gives her the chance to go to the ball. Actually, the prince does not choose Cinderella but both she and her dead mother choose him for her as the only one t hat is good enough for Cinderella. It is all like a magic matchmaking story where the prince walks into the marriage trap that was set out for him by the dead mother. The whole plot is a conflict between women and it is very easy to imagine the Prince's character replaced by another prize symbolizing the victory of the good over the evil, but it is not possible to imagine the story without Cinderella or the evil stepsisters. The Charles Perrault version of the "Cinderella" story confirms the view that men, not women, are very much on the borders of the story. The prince does not appear until halfway through and the first male character we see,

Choose and discuss two images of Jesus from the New Testament. What is Essay

Choose and discuss two images of Jesus from the New Testament. What is their relevance today - Essay Example From the dictionary definition a shepherd is someone who looks after the herd of sheep by guarding and tending them. A shepherd is someone tasked to lead the herd of sheep in the safest and abundant place. It is necessary for the herd of sheep to be tended in the green pasture with a fresh source of water flowing in abundance. In this way, the herd of sheep will survive and they are given all the essentials they need. The psalm of David in chapter 23 describes God as shepherd full of righteousness. God is revealed by David as a good Shepherd, and since Jesus is the Son of God (John 3:16), it is implied that the Son and the Father have the same characteristics and they are working together for one common good and that is salvation of the humanity from eternal condemnation (Matthew 1: 18-21). In John 10:14, Jesus said he is a good shepherd and part of being such is to know his people and his people to him. He sacrificed his life for the humanity to bring salvation to all. Jesus has great compassion for the people of God. Such compassion can be clearly defined by the great love Jesus is willing to give for the humanity. He gave up his life for the humanity and such is the great manifestation of his universal and unconditional love. The image of Jesus as the Good Shepherd depicts the meaning of a good servant and a leader. Being a good servant or a leader therefore requires following Jesus as far as biblical principles are deemed important. In fact, being a Christian means following Jesus whatever the cost may be. A Christian minister can be considered a shepherd because of the responsibility to care for and guide a group of people in the ministry. Jesus as the Good Shepherd is therefore a remarkable model of every Christian minister who is responsible to lead the beloved people of God. The herd of sheep is the people of God who need spiritual leader to give them guidance, protection and

Immunohistochemical method for identification of ebstein barr virus Essay

Immunohistochemical method for identification of ebstein barr virus from the tonsil tissue - Essay Example After performing a series of tests on these samples, it was confirmed that none of these patients had any sort of malignancy or Infectious Mononucleosis. Also, almost all of them had antibodies to EBNA indicating that they were not in acute phase of EBV infection. As there is no in vitro natural system for EBV replication, most of the studies have relied upon the semipermissive EBV carrying Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines. In this technique, various means are used to induce the reproductive cycle of the virus. The EBV gene products obtained as a result include a protein product of the BZLF 1 gene, called as ZEBRA. This protein plays a role in switching the virus from latency to the lytic cycle.Moreover, another protein called as the viral capsid antigen (VCA) is expressed only in the virus producing cells. This one is in close relation with the capsid of the viral particles. Thus keeping the above information in mind, the following study can be understood.This immunohistochemica l detection revealed the expression of ZEBRA and VCA in about 7-10 of a total of 700 tonsillar mononuclear cells. Three of the eight donors showed the cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Morphologically, these ZEBRA and VCA-positive cells had a resemblance with the lymphocytes. Also, they were found in the same area as the tonsillar mononuclear cells.In order to assess the relationship between the epithelium and EBV lytic proteins, antibodies to ZEBRA, VCA and cytokeratin were obtained and the serial tissue sections were reacted with them.

Experimental film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experimental film analysis - Essay Example In Free Radicals, he synthesizes all his artistic abilities and sensitivities in order to create a truly majestic work. This paper intends to read Lye’s doodling on film through an examination of the multimedia character of the Free radicals. Although, the paper attempts to read the Free Radicals from within, i.e. by examining its medium and content on its own, it would try to incorporate necessary theoretical insights as well. 2. The Artistic Background of the Free Radicals Len Lye was always particular in drawing the source of his inspiration from music from various (often distant and little known) cultural backgrounds. In one of his first and best animated sound films, which is A Colour Box, Lye uses Caribbean jazz in a time when it was not much known to the outside the world. Peculiarly, in Lye’s animation films, shadows, streaks and colors are easily blended to an extraordinary music with quite perfection. Color could be seen bouncing back from the screen. It is th is very synchronization of colors and images with the music makes Lye’s animations more than appealing. Lye’s animated films were not only quite different from the movies produced in their respective times but also technologically advanced than other. This technological edge is one of the distinct features of Lye’s films. It was in 1926, Len Lye moved to England from New Zealand. He was attracted to the modernist movement in England and active in such circles having many friends among the stalwarts of arts and literature. Lye was also attracted into various art forms such as surrealist stories and poems and moving sculpture. He was both eclectic and eccentric. The indigenous art of Maori people in the New Zealand had strong influence on Ley’s idea of art, especially his conception of visual art. Moreover, he was extremely fascinated by the oceanic cultures from around the world. It is necessary to remember that he was expelled from the racist New Zealand for living among the Maori people. In his way to England, he had also visited many pacific islands and closely interacted with the aboriginal people. It might be because of this influence of the indigenous culture, Lye’s painted-on-celluloid art resembled a lot to the finger paintings which are common among the aboriginals. In 1944, Len Lye moved to the United States wherein he got more acquainted with the African music traditions. As his interests in kinetic sculpture grew, it was well reflected in the films he made later. 3. The Free Radicals as Doodling on the Film The Free Radical was made in 1958 and it was peculiar with its intense black and white nature. It appeared as drawings on a chalkboard. According to Kasmere, â€Å"an assured, signature work that Stan Brakhage called â€Å"an almost unbelievably immense masterpiece†,  Free Radicals  synchronizes etched hieroglyphs, squiggly horizontal lines and verticals of varying thickness to energetic drum music f rom The Bagirmi Tribe of Africa. Nothing in the film is static. â€Å"White ziggle-zag-splutter scratches†, inscribed using a variety of tools including arrowheads and saw-teeth, appear abruptly, leap, quiver, and dance alongside the beat, then vanish suddenly. Occasionally the flat picture plane is transformed into a three-dimensional space as fluid, rough-edged wiry shapes appear to rotate, as though circled by a camera/eye. At times one denotes the outline of quickly passing hill covered or jagged mountainous landscape as the line-play slips

Fashion and Celebrities in time of Modernism Essay

Fashion and Celebrities in time of Modernism - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and Celebrities in time of Modernism" talks about Fashion and Celebrities in the Modernism era. Paul Poiret and Madeleine Vionnet share the tribute for liberating women from their corsets. Swan bill, S-bend, or â€Å"health corset† was designed to ease pressure on the diaphragm and stomach and take the shape of the natural figure of the body of a female. Gibson, an American graphic artist designed the â€Å"Gibson Girl† hair style that was an ideal description of the gorgeous, autonomous American woman at the twist of the 20th century. A little boy kneeling down visualizes Gibson Girls magnifying him under a pair of lens, like an insect. Mariano Fortuny designed a Delphos Gown which was a finely pleated silk dress. Modernism at the same time has to do with futuristic, which is always connected with streamline and simplicity. One of the famous artist in the modernism faction was Pablo Picasso‘s cubism and futuristic. This is best demonstrated by the revolutionary fore-front leader in fashion, Paul Poiret with his illustrious lampshade dress in the year 1992 that depicted the best impression of modernism in fashion with simple lines and vivid color. Geometric patterns are among the common elements that can be seen in modernism. The space-age modern giant Pierre Cardin, in his design that combined esthetic strong lines and geometric shapes that were simple and remarkable, best illustrates these modern patterns. His style was simple, straight forward and emphasized some minimalism of ornament.

Assignment 5 (675) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 5 (675) - Case Study Example The challenge is therefore incorporating the new ideas into the current curriculum and implanting them successfully. 2. Forcing the new area into a curriculum that is already considerably full will call for a very articulate strategy so as not to hurt the students already entrenched in the old curriculum. As a district supervisor, my strategy would be to employ the curriculum development process and planning cycle. It will important to ask ourselves the purpose that our schools seek to achieve, how to select learning experiences that are useful in the attainment of the same and organising the experiences so as to instruct effectively. The final issue is evaluation of the effectiveness of learning experiences. Thus through evaluation of the old curriculum it can be possible to drop what have become obsolete and incorporate modern ones such as life skills.The strategy would therefore involve conducting a survey among the students and stakeholders to determine how many would like the inclusion of life skills in the curriculum 3. In todays and the technological schools of the next decade the programme would take the theme of inculcating technology skills that are necessary for survival in the modern economy. By incorporating and teaching technology in the curriculum, learners would be allowed to appreciate the central place technology is occupying in the modern daily life. Many learners are likely to enjoy practical skills such as working with computers hence would tend to contribute to their own learning. 1. In the second case study, the major issues are resistant to change and the fear among principals of losing their autonomy when it comes to choosing books. The principals want to control and organise the function at the building level for they benefit in a way e.g. through the â€Å"Wines and Cheese† parties hosted by companies selling books. 2. As a new

Having First Child Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Having First Child - Personal Statement Example I experienced these feelings and examined them very closely when my first child, Devin, was sent away from me. It is not possible to put those feelings in words. Although, he was sent to the Hostel for his bright future, yet I missed him. I knew that it was necessary for him to get better opportunities in the future, but sometimes people become so self-centered and selfish, that they don't realize the intensity of the problem. This happens not merely for the individual's own interest but just because of the fear he has to lose something. If I express my feelings before anyone, the first possible question they ask is that if I am that worried about him then what made me choose this option The answer definitely is my desire to see him as a reputable and successful person. His future was more important for me than anything in this world, even more than my emotions and feelings. The aim behind transferring him to a hostel was to provide him with appropriate schooling. It was an emotionally tough experience. I was anxious about the environment of the hostel, the gathering he may have, and the quality of education. It was tough to be separated from my beloved son for such extensive periods. After being separated I came to know about his value in my life. I admired him but did not know that I could miss someone that much. It was all new for me. In the beginning I used to get hyper without any reason.

What is organizational culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is organizational culture - Essay Example In other words, the organisation’s culture plays a pivotal role in shaping the behaviour of the people working in that particular company. The culture of the organization also plays an important role in creating member identity where employees are in a position to identify with the whole organization rather than their job positions or nature of profession. Emphasis is put on the aspect of collective identity not individualism since the aim of every organization is to achieve certain goals and objectives. This can only be possible if there is synergy of the efforts of all people employed in this particular organisation. The aspect of organizational culture is also used to exercise control in the organization where rules and regulations are used to shape the behaviour of the employees so that they conform to the expected standards at their workplace. Another important aspect related to the issue of organizational culture is that work activities in the organization are organized around groups rather than individuals. The success of any organization is mainly determined by its culture since it shapes the behaviour of the employees who are responsible for executing different tasks that are designed towards the attainment of the set goals and objectives of the

The childrens hospital impatient pharmacy Essay Example for Free

The childrens hospital impatient pharmacy Essay My next site visit was in the childrens hospital impatient pharmacy . It was so exciting for me since it was my first hospital visit . It was so exciting to experience a different type of pharmacy practice since I am considering that my future job be at a hospital pharmacy. I showed more interest here compared to the other practices that I have attended. I started my first visit to the site on the 13th which is a Thursday. The first day, I was taken by my GPS to a totally different address. Lucky for me that I exited the school a little sooner than usual so I had enough time to look for the hospital. It was not fun looking for the right way to the hospital fro m my lost location especially that I am not a good driver under stress. To put the story, I got to my site visi on time. Thank God! It was totally new work, yes—I mean the hospital . Wow! All the doors to the pharmacy needs a special pass code. After I entered the pharmacy, I introduced myself with the preceptor who was not the same person that was introduced to me from the school. She explained how the whole fully automated pharmacy system functions. I should admit that I did not understand half of the things she said. It was like I was in a totally new world. A world that is half free of human help—distributing medication was through the help of an automated machine. My preceptor introduced me with the staff in the pharmacy. It was such a big pharmacy that was combined with parental and compounding pharmacy which provided the need of the hospital for any medication . Karen, my preceptor showed me the actual work around the pharmacy. She explained to me the system of drug delivery around the hospital. For each section of the hospital, a machine for dispensing drugs is mounted. It is equipped with a computer that is accessible for all hospital personnel. The pharmacist would enter the prescription on the computer system and the nurse would get the medication directly from the machine. This machine, the Medline also allow the nurse to return the medication if necessary. These machine are being refilled by the technicians 2 times every 24 hours. The pharmacy also designed a delivery tube that could deliver the prescription to and from any place in hospital. The delivery system is fast, free and accurate. After my brief introduction to the hospital and the medication delivery system, my preceptor assigned me to look for the expired medicines from the stock. It was much more medication than what the other pharmacies have on their shelves. I basically spent the rest of my first visit and second visit identifying the expired medication. It allowed me to see the individual medication through my own eyes and it helped me learn faster. On my third day, I was introduce to the out patient pharmacy of the hospital. It runs basically the same way as any other retail pharmacy that provided the out patient with their medication. It was so interesting for me to try different types of pharmacy experience. I always pictured myself with a pharmacy where the technicians count the pills and the pharmacists that check them. But now, I could see a whole new feature. A feature that is faster and a lot more accurate in dispensing medication. The best system that I experienced in this hospital would be the feature of the pharmacy . Looking at the whole system one more time, this system could be convenient for city .The automated dispensing machine replaces the retail stores.

The Implications Of The Erp Implementation Information Technology Essay

The Implications Of The Erp Implementation Information Technology Essay Enterprise resource planning systems are now a common feature of any large business; indeed, they are widely considered to be one of the most influential technological developments within the corporate workplace (Davenport, 1999). The popularity of such technology can be ascribed to the organisational benefits of implementing such systems; according to Lengnick-Hall et al (2004), for example, the introduction of such systems can improve the process flow of an organisation and provide the management of the organisation with better quality data on which to base their strategic decisions. This aids companies in their need to react in a timely and flexible manner to changes in the business environment (Zheng et al, 2006). The popularity of the implementation of ERP systems can be seen in the fact that the ERP software market is currently one of the fastest growing e-business software markets in the world, having increased from a value of $23.6 billion in 2004 to roughly $28.8 billion in 2006 (Woodie, 2005). However, there are limitations to the benefits which can result from the implementation of ERP systems, as reflected in the failed ERP implementations at Allied Waste Industries Inc and Hershey Foods Corporation (Scott and Vesey, 2002). The rapid economic growth of the United Arab Emirates has resulted in its transformation into a sought after destination for large enterprises (ERP in UAE, 2011). This is particularly the case in Abu Dhabi and Dubai which is currently the largest trading centre in the Middle East, and whose liberal government regulations, high quality infrastructure and thriving service sector have contributed to its success (ERP in UAE, 2011). As a result of such vibrant business growth, the ERP software market in the UAE was estimated at $300 million (Dh 1.1 billion) at the end of 2009 and is projected to grow further (Askari, 2008). This essay focuses on the implications of ERP implementation in Etihad Airways, the United Arab Emirates national airline, which was completed in 2006. The aim of the essay is to assess the implications of the new ERP system on the organisation as a whole and on its users. The essay begins with an overview of the key factors which are deemed to be important in determin ing the organisational and individual implications of the implementation of an ERP system before subsequently discussing the details of the ERP implementation in the case of Etihad Airways. The advantages and limitations associated with the new ERP system from the perspective of both the organisation and the users is then explored. A review of the studies which have been recently published in the field of ERP suggest a number of critical success factors which need to be present in an organisation to ensure that the implementation of the system yields the desired benefits to both the organisation and the users of the new system. If any of these critical success factors are absent, neither the individuals nor the organisation will reap the full benefits from the implementation of the new system. The first of these is strong leadership, or the capability of senior managers to convince the members of their organisation of the advantages of the change which will result from the ERP system implementation (Davenport, 1999). It is also important for managers to demonstrate that the implementation of the new system is motivated by market needs and that it will enable the organisation to thrive in their environment. This is corroborated by the results of a survey conducted by Zairi and Sinclair (1995) which indicated tha t effective leadership was thought to be the most important factor in large transformation efforts. The second critical success factor which has been identified is barriers to change within the organisation. If employees are resistant to the introduction of a new system, the likelihood is that the ERP system will fail to be successful. Such resistance may stem from a fear of losing power within the organisation or a resentment of authority, an issue highlighted by a study conducted by Bancroft (1996) which found that resolving political issues within an organisation was the most difficult challenge to overcome. According to Aladwani (2001), the first step to ensure a successful ERP implementation is the approval and support of key individuals and opinion leaders in the organisation. The third critical success factor is a strong ongoing communication with employees in order to engender a greater understanding of the new system (Kraemmerand et al, 2003) it is important for employees to be kept up to date with the progress of the new system in order to mitigate any confusion or employee resistance. The fourth critical success factor is the management of change and control. In particular, careful project management is important with clearly defined objectives, work plans and an ongoing overview of the progress of the project (Umble et al, 2003). This needs to be reinforced by a clear decision making hierarchy, with frequent progress reviews. The final critical success factor is the importance of organisational culture. The culture of a company influences the way in which the employees, and hence the users of the ERP system, respond to its implementation hence, the culture of the organisation needs to be adapted to incorporate the features of the new system (Wong, 2006). A new organisational culture needs to be developed which is underpinned by the trust and support of the organisations employees towards the new ERP system (Aladwani, 2001). Etihad Airways is the national airline of the United Arab Emirates and launched its services in November 2003 (AMEinfo, 2006). Etihad currently lies to guests to more than fifty destinations in Asia, North America, Australia, Africa and Europe, with its fleet of aircraft totalling 57 (AMEinfo, 2006). Its revenue in 2009 totalled 2.3 billion USD, and the airline carried more than 7 million passengers (AMEinfo, 2006). Etihad implemented its ERP system in 2006 in partnership with Oracle E-Business Suite. The ERP system focused mainly on integrating the disparate functions of the airlines financial and accounting systems, specifically, its accounts payable, fixed assets, purchasing, inventory management, accounts receivable, accounts payable, self service expenses, inventory management and purchasing and its self service procurement (AMEinfo, 2006). The project took a total of eight months to complete and consulting services were provided to Etihad throughout the process by Satyam Comput er Services (AMEinfo, 2006). The new ERP system was implemented according to schedule and on budget. The key drivers behind the decision to implement a new ERP system in Etihad Airways stemmed largely from the fact that their existing accounting and finance system was outdated and technical upgrades were not available (Etihad Airways, 2009). Furthermore, the systems support which was provided by the current software provider was inadequate, with maintenance becoming expensive. As a result, the airline was spending a significant amount of money on a system which was not adequately meeting their needs (Etihad Airways, 2009). It was therefore decided that a new, integrated software system was needed to streamline and integrate the operational and financial process within the company. The processes which were successfully integrated in the introduction of Oracle E-Business Suite met 80 per cent of Etihad Airways requirements (Etihad Airways, 2009). It enabled Etihad Airways to achieve closer integration with the applications of other business units, enable complete process automation an d provided users with a more user friendly interface supported by strong online support (Etihad Airways, 2009). The same ERP system had also been implemented by a number of other regional airlines including Oman Air. The introduction of the new ERP system had a number of positive implications for both the users of the new system and the organisation itself. According to IBS (2011), the introduction of the new system played a key role in fuelling the growth of Etihad Airways. Firstly, the better organisation and integration of different functions within the operational and financial divisions enabled the company to conduct a profitability analysis on its routes, and to improve the yield from its existing routes based on the results of break even analysis (IBS, 2011). The provision of this useful information enabled the management of the organisation to decide on new flight routes as well as saving considerable time in the preparation of monthly and annual management reports, which was assisted by the simplification of the budget creation and invoice verification processes resulting from the integration of the systems. Secondly, all revenue budgeting and monthly accounting processes were fully auto mated and their systems were fully integrated with the other monthly revenue budgeting and accounting systems which were currently in operation at the organisation (IBS, 2011). This provided users with a central store of information from which they could access past reports and users were able to develop customised reports for their daily operations with the new system. This saved considerable time since it reduced the manual input needed from users and increased work efficiency by a total of 75 per cent (IBS, 2011). Thirdly, the implementation of the new system allowed employees to access the relevant financial and operational information at any station and department. It also enabled users to generate different versions of reports and to transfer data between different versions. The lack of manual input needed for the generation of reports meant that there was greater transparency in the calculations and computations which were used, thus reducing the risk of error and enabling th e company to easily retrace its steps in the event of an error. The new system also enabled the organisation to prepare comparison and Key Performance Indicator (KPI) reports to compare metrics such as actual and projected expenditure from both the current and previous years (IBS, 2011). The benefits for the users of the new system in Etihad Airways was very positive. The key implications of the new system for the users consisted of the saving of time. Prior to the implementation of the new system, the finance department had to manually collect information from different work stations and these were combined in order to provide monthly reports for different revenue categories. The time consuming nature of the work involved meant that a total of two people were required to work on compiling reports during a period of five days (IBS, 2011). The introduction of the new system increased the work efficiency of users by 75 per cent (IBS, 2011), thus freeing up the time of users to concentrate on other tasks and also reducing the overall costs incurred by the organisation. Another key benefit for both users and the organisation of the introduction of the new system was the increased accuracy of the quality of work (IBS, 2011). Prior to the implementation of the new system, the majority of the work performed by employees was of a manual nature. There was therefore a significant risk of duplication and potential error related to human oversight Etihad Airways had lacked an integrated front end portal which could adequately support these processes with the result that much of the financial and operational data which was stored on the system was inaccurate and out of date. Therefore, the reports which were based on such data were not useful to management, and it was often necessary for employees to have to search through multiple databases in order to locate the required information. In many cases, the same information was stored in multiple databases which were not interlinked, with the result that data in one database was updated, but the data stored in other databases was not. Therefore, the introduction of the new system resulted in a much more user-friendly interface for the employees of the organisation and made it easier for them to access relevan t data to construct reports (IBS, 2011). However, despite the advantages which have been outlined above, there are a number of limitations associated with the introduction of the new system in relation to both the overall organisation and the systems users. The most obvious limitation to the new ERP system for Etihad Airways is its prohibitive cost. The results of a survey conducted by Panorama Consulting Group and based on 1600 ERP implementations worldwide (Sachdeva, 2010) found that the average cost of implementing a new ERP system is $6.2 million, which typically represents 6.9 per cent of the companys annual revenue. In addition to the one-off cost associated with the initial implementation of the ERP system, the ongoing costs of end-user training and data migration from the old system to the new system requires a considerable amount of time and money, and also results in lost business throughout that period. It is important to ensure that the benefits provided by the implementation of the new system outweigh the costs associated with the system the relatively recent introduction of the ERP system in Etihad Airways makes it difficult to determine whether this is the case. Another potential limitation associated with the implementation of the ERP system is the issue of training. The complexity of ERP systems means that adequate training is essential to ensure that users are fully prepared to start using the system and to earn their support for the project. Indeed, empirical studies have shown that investing a sufficient amount of money into user training is essential in determining the success or failure of a new ERP system. The study conducted by Gartner Consulting indicated that those companies whose training budgets for the new system constituted less than 13 per cent of the overall cost of introducing the new ERP system were significantly more likely to have an ERP system which was unsuccessful when compared to those companies whose training budget comprised a minimum of 17 per cent of the ER P implementation cost (Sachdeva, 2010). The limitations imposed on the effects of new ERP systems by inadequate training is also supported by findings in academic literature: a study conducted by Markus and Tanis (2000) explores the negative effects that inadequate user training and the consequent failure by employees to understand the functionality of the new system represented a key obstacle to the successful functioning of the new system. Furthermore, while the implications of the ERP system at Etihad Airways currently seems to be positive from both an organisational and a user perspective, the systems which are in place may be insufficiently flexible to adapt to any changes in the work flows and processes at the airline (Sachdeva, 2010). Etihad Airways is a very new airline, having only been launched seven years ago, and hence there is a likelihood that its business process will significantly change in the future whether it be through organic growth or through the acquisition of another company. There is therefore a risk that the ERP system which is currently in place may not have the flexibility to cope with changes in Etihad Airways organisational environment. The findings of this essay suggest that the implications of the implementation of the new ERP system in Etihad Airways have been overwhelmingly positive. The key benefits which have accrued to the management from the new system appear to have been a significant reduction in costs due to the reduced amount of time needed to perform activities. Furthermore, the integration of different systems has made it easier for the management to conduct different profitability analyses on airline routes, thus providing them with high quality information which they can use to inform their strategic decisions. The key benefits which have accrued to the users from the introduction of the new system also include a reduction in the amount of time needed to enter data through the elimination of the need for manual input. This has not only alleviated the tedious nature of tasks, it has also freed up users time to dedicate to other activities. The replacement of manual input with automated systems has als o reduced the risk of human error and potential duplication. The key limitations which are posed by the introduction of the new system stem from the ongoing costs associated with the maintenance and support for the new ERP system, the need for continuous training for end users, and the risk that the ERP systems which are in place are not sufficiently flexible to be able to cope with changes to the processes of the airline in the future. It is important for Etihad Airways to ensure that they take concrete steps to minimise the risk that each of these limitations will prove to be a significant obstacle to the success of the ERP system. In order to reduce this risk, it is suggested that the airline invests in continuous training for its users. While this will increase the cost burden of the ERP system, many of the findings and studies cited above have emphasised the importance of end user training and employee support in ensuring the success of a new ERP system (Markus and Tanis, 2000) and hence it is an important investment for the company to make. Furthermore, a high degree of ongoing communication needs to be put in place between management and end users of the ERP system in order to obtain users feedback on their experience of using the ERP system this will allow management to identify in a timely fashion whether the ERP system has any issues related to flexibility, thus ensuring that they are able to make any necessary changes before significant problems arise. It will also help to demonstrate the strong leadership skills of the management which, as highlighted earlier in the essay, is a critical factor in determining the successful implementation of a new ERP system.

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills Among the other four skills, listening is the one that has been most forgotten and neglected in second language classrooms. So teachers dont pay much attention to this skill and teach it carelessly. In the field of language teaching and learning proficiency has tended to be viewed as the ability of speaking and writing in language in question. Listening and reading skills are in the second position. One reason for this situation might be the demanding characteristic of the listening skill. Listening has gained a new importance in language classrooms after spreading IT technology based information in society in Iran. Moreover it should be mentioned that most of the students class time is devoted to the listening. Despite this, we often take importance of listening for granted, and it is the most overlooked skill among other skills. In natural order of learning any language, listening stands at first rank. Without any reception one can not produce anything. Though, if a teacher wants t o have fluent and productive students, he/she should pay much and necessary attention to teaching listening skill. Listening Some of the teachers believe that speaking should be actively discouraged. One of the reasons of emphasizing listening and delaying speaking is based on an opinion. Those who give importance to speaking view the language as a product and think that language is a behavior and speaking is the manifestation of this learning or happening. On the contrary, there are approaches that gave more importance to listening Nation, Newton (2009). in this approach of language learning , listening is at the center. All of the information necessary for building up the knowledge for using language comes from receptive skills: listening, and reading. When the knowledge of language in this regard is built the learner can write and speak. In other words, with out any input, the outcome or output should be nothing. Gray and Gray (1981) described the benefits of delaying speaking and concentrating on listening. These benefits include the following: 1. The learner is not overloaded by having to focus on two or more skills at the same time-a cognitive benefit. 2. Speed of coverage -receptive knowledge grows faster than productive knowledge. 3. It is easy to move very quickly to realistic communicative listening activities. 4. L earners will not feel shy or worried about their language classes. Having to speak a foreign language, particularly when you know very little, can be a frightening experience. 5. Listening activities are well studied to independent learning through listening to readings. Critics believe that producing a language is not sufficient for learning. In language learning substantial quantities of receptive activity should be included in the mind for future use. To speak communicatively and to convey and understand the meaning, one should have a previous language knowledge and information in his/her mind. Models of listening Traditionally listening was viewed as a passive skill through which the listener or hearer received information sent by message senders. More recently listening is viewed as an active and interpretive process by which the message is not fixed but is made or created by participants. (Newton,Nation.2009) Types of listening According to Nation and Newton (2009) there are two types of listening: 1. One-way listening-typically associated with the transfer of information. 2. Two-listening- typically associated with maintaining social relations. As it is understood, in the first type of listening one can listen to monologues which are one way productions without any pause and stop to clarification. While in two-way listening both sides of interaction are active in a natural sounding dialogues. Listening process One of the listening processes is bottom-up one. In this process the message goes from the parts to the whole by piece. In this process the listener uses information which is already present in data. The other process in listening is top -down process. As Nation and Newton (2009) state this process involves the listener in inferencing. The listener goes from whole to parts. Listeners previous knowledge or information and his /her content of schemata help him/her to predict what the message will be. According to the above mentioned processes, listening is not a single skill but as a variety of sub-skills (Nation, Newton, 2009). So listening comprehension is a top-down approach which focuses on meaning and need much care and attention. Problems with traditional model There are a lot of problems with traditional models of teaching listening skills. In old methods of teaching the responsibility of learning were not upon the shoulders of the students. Teachers set goals. Chose material and control the equipments. There were little room for students preferences. the fact that the teacher still tends to choose the material becomes even harder to justify now that a wide range of spoken language is available to students outside the language classroom through a satellite TV and the internet (Goodith White, 2006). some of the teachers of this model , and learners are regarded as passive over-hearers rather than active participants in the listening process. They are often listening to audio or video tape which they can not stop. In order to clarify and solve the comprehension problems, it is necessary for them to integrate or interact with the speakers. In real life situations, listeners play an active and important role in dialogues and speech acts. They show interest, ask questions, ask for repetitions, and cause the speakers to modify some parts. Some ways of improving the teaching of listening It seems clear that the way of teaching listening needs to be modified and changed. In order to engage the students in the subject and make them active in the learning process some of the traditional problems of regarding models of teaching listening should be avoided. It is better to allow students to: 1.choose what they listen to 2. make their own listening text 3. control their equipment 4. give the instructions 5. design their own listening task 6. reflect on their problems in listening(White,2006). Goals for teaching and learning listening White (1998) states the listening skill goals as: -understanding short utterances on a literal semantic level -understanding interactive discourse -understanding the functional/illocutionary force of an utterance -interpreting utterances in terms of the situation -resolving comprehension problems by seeking help from the speaker -remembering input, monitoring, and evaluating how well one is understanding. Conclusion I tried to persuade the readers through these pages that the methodology for teaching listening needs to be changed. All aspects of listening skills should be covered and lead to true competence in listening with in a communicative competence framework. Suggestion is to deal with the listening in a more task based area of attention and authenticity of listening materials needs to be at the center of attention. Students and listeners should be encouraged to take more responsibility for developing their listening ability.

Concentration of Salt Solution :: Papers

Concentration of Salt Solution (dmÃâ€" ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³) 1st set of results (g) 2nd set of results (g) 3rd set of results (g) Average of the 3 sets of results (g) 0 2.11 1.79 1.05 1.65 0.2 2.30 1.87 1.09 1.75 0.4 2.32 2.03 1.12 1.82 0.6 2.40 2.01 1.12 1.84 0.8 2.43 2.10 1.08 1.87 1.0 2.38 2.01 1.09 1.83 1.2 2.33 2.12 1.09 1.85 1.4 2.27 2.02 1.08 1.78 1.6 2.27 2.01 1.08 1.79 1.8 2.27 2.11 1.17 1.85 2.0 2.24 2.01 0.96 1.74 Results This is a table to show the mass of the potatoes at the start of the experiment. Each weight was carried out three times. The next table shows the weights of the potatoes after the experiment Concentration of salt solution (DmÃâ€" ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³) 1st set of results (g) 2nd set of results (g) 3rd set of results (g) Average of the 3 sets of results (g) 0 2.11 1.79 1.05 1.65 0.2 2.30 1.87 1.09 1.75 0.4 2.32 2.03 1.12 1.82 0.6 2.40 2.01 1.12 1.84 0.8 2.43 2.10 1.08 1.87 1.0 2.38 2.01 1.09 1.83 1.2 2.33 2.12 1.09 1.85 1.4

Love in Poems Essay -- Robert Browning Poetry Literature Essays

Love in Poems Robert Browning’s poem â€Å"My Last Duchess† is based on a real story about the fifth Duke of Ferrera in the Renaissance period. He married a 14-year-old named Lucrezia and then left her for a two-year period. She died at the age of 17. In this poem, the Duke is now looking for a second wife-to-be. Robert Browning is one of the greatest poets in the Victorian age. He writes romantic poems and he expresses love in this poem as obsessive. The poem’s rhyme scheme is a, a, b, b. This is a dramatic monologue. This is the kind of poem where there is only one speaker. In this poem it is the duke. At the very start of the poem, we are already given the idea that the Duke is a proud man especially with his art collections. â€Å"That’s my last duchess painted on the wall†, this quote tells us that he includes his last wife in his collection. The â€Å"my† emphasizes the duke owning his last duchess. By doing this, Robert Browning emphasizes the Duke wanting power especially over his last wife. Her painting is behind the wall now and the Duke shows it to a very few chosen strangers, â€Å"since none puts the curtain I have drawn for you but I†. The painting was made by Fra Pandolf. The Duke is jealous by the fact that the Duchess can blush by receiving any compliments from just anyone. â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not her husband’s presence only†¦into the Duchess’ cheek.† In this quote, the Duke never treated his wife as an equal. But he considered himself higher than her and he wouldn’t lower himself to tell the duchess what she did that annoyed him. He thinks the duchess has no pride at all because she treats everybody equally, â€Å"as if she ranked my gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name with anybody’s gift†. He wants the duchess for h... ...n wants the mistress to understand that it will never be a good idea if she will die a virgin. He is now desperate to get her in bed. If she dies a virgin, the man’s â€Å"lust† will just turn to ashes. The last part of the poem uses a more passionate language and basically gives the mistress a more appealing idea if the man makes love to the mistress. The whole of the third part is describing how the man feels about making love to the mistress. Andrew uses similes â€Å"like morning dew† to compare the â€Å"youthful hue† of his mistress and â€Å"like amorous birds of prey† to describe the way in which they should do the act of making love. Basically, this part has more persuasion than the other parts. It is similar to â€Å"The Beggar Woman† because it represents physical love. However, we will never know if the woman agrees with the man. We are left to decide for ourselves.

Republican Plan Should be Vetoed :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Republican Plan Should be Vetoed I think that the Republican should be vetoed because to me, their proposed tax cuts in education, the environment, and other areas are not the way to go. There are probably other government functions that could use a decrease in spending. Raising medicare premiums (http://www.yahoo.com/headlines/951114/news/stories/budget_42.html) seems alright, but there could be a better way. In general, today's Congress is in so much deadlock over balancing the budget, they will end up watching it go to about $6 billion by the start of the new millenium!!! The debt's already too high now. President Johnson was able to halve the deficit and keep his budget under $100 million during his first year in office (http://pathfinder.com/time/special/moy/1964.html); but he achieved this through some manipulation of others - something of which Bill Clinton is not a master. Though the proposed increase of $9 a month may seem small to some,many older Americans in the long run will not be able to keep up with the payments and will trim down their disposable income (isn't this what Keynes would think?) Stimulating the economy at the expense of a certain group of people does not constitute favorable domestic policy for politicans of any party. Why is it that the U.S. has such a hard time trying to keep a stable economy when Germany has historically had pretty strong currency and is perhaps the best economic nation in all of Europe? (http://pathfinder.com/time/international/ 1995/950925/economies.html) They do have tougher regulations, but not a lot of capitalistic ways that we do here. The country's central bank managed to step in after unification with tough-minded economic management; and even though the eastern side of the country has spend a little more than necessary, Germany today remains financially stable (without huge increases in inflation). The temporary stop-gap spending bills that Clinton vetoed, causing the current partialgovernment shutdown, has made the U.S. look bad in the eyes of the world because of party gridlock. I doubt if countries such as Germany ever have this much trouble. Are there any solutions to solving the national debt that will completely satify everyone involved? Probably not. I proved that by stating my support for the President's veto of the Republican's spending bills. However, the oneitem that really bugs me is that if the Republicans want to lower the debt so much, why

Recruitment and Selection Essay

The hiring process can be draining and drown out. Searching for the right candidate to fill the position can be compared to finding a needle in a hay stack. Many employers have an idea/visual of how the replacement of what qualifications the new employee should acquire before the training process take place. With employee selection, assessment and decision making process should be carefully assessed to ensure that there are no laws broken were potential law suits can be filed. This paper will discuss the legal issues that may arise if the above processes are not handled with precaution. Legal Issues With the increase of lawsuits that are being established in the workforce over the past years they have been an increase in the number of lawyers and firms that specialize in employment law. With the economy in the shape that it’s in, more companies are having to law off employers, some that have been there for years. Their selection process is being questions on how they are choosing the employees that are to permanently/temporary laid off. Therefore this is caused an increase in the number of cases the firms are taking in more cases at least 15% more than the previous years. This is because many feel that employers are firing those that can benefit from staying employed and receiving their full benefits, in some cases retirement. To decrease organizations from being forced to participate in lawsuits brought about them, an article stated the best alternative would be to develop a strategy for the company that involved at least three of the following steps: 1) â€Å"Draft good policies and revise them frequently ) Train employees to follow procedures utilizing scenarios that prompt open discussion, development of issue awareness and recognition of employer and employee responsibilities 3) Insist on effective consultation and communication among managers, human resources professionals and legal staff (in other words, the team approach)† (McDowell & Leavitt 2011). Discrimination Issues The process of hiring new employees for a position within an organization. With this process, the major legal issue that the employer needs to keep in mind is not to discriminate. Discrimination is a big factor due to the employer has in mind what it takes for a person to perform the duties of a certain position. There are several laws that the organization must keep in their mind when screening employees, such as; the Civil Right Act of 1964, Disability Act, Age Discriminating Act, and many more. Each of the acts and laws prohibits employees to discriminate against employees or new hires based on their race, sex, disability and religion. In today’s time, employees have to have a firm or an attorney working for them to ensure that that they are not breaking the as many With given employees assessments, most employers are given them the assessments to point out their skill sets. But some assessments identify other issues within the employees. Some assessments identifies whether or not people have a mental illness, learning disabilities, or any other illness that may prevent them from performing their job duties. As a result, many those assessments are being said to discriminate against the employee, thus violating their rights. If an employee has a mental health illness the only way a company/organization can terminate them from a position is if that illness will prevent them from performing their job duties. In fact, many executives stated that they are reluctant to hire people with disabilities due to the accommodation’s they may need. But with all the baby boomers retiring they are going to have to look into that area. In 2005, statistics showed that â€Å"21,455,000 (12. 6%) of the 169,765,000 working-age individuals reported one or more disabilities† (Lengnick-Hall, Gaunt, & Kulkarni 2008). Executives were also asked is it a main priority to hire people with disability? They responded with the following; â€Å"trying to hire someone with a disability, the main concern is . . . having the skills you would need to be on the air to be able to do those things that would actually apply. I think it would be the perception that people with disabilities don’t have communication skills and wouldn’t be able to problem-solve at a faster pace, wouldn’t be able to independently problem-solve† (ibid). Conclusion  With larger organizations, it will be best to have a lawyer working hand and hand with the human resource department to ensure that they don’t discriminate against employees. Since discrimination is the major issues within the workforce. It could cause the company millions and most likely close the doors if they don’t have enough revenue to pay the lawsuit. Discrimination, especially if the executives of the organization are making statements as the ones is the survey, mention that it’s not a main priority because they may not be able to communicate as others do. That’s a perception and basis.

Grafitti: Art or Crime?

New heart suffers brand-new prowess. graffito is report or selective services scribbled, scratched, or sprayed il legally on a wall or separate surface in a semipublic place , says Wikipedia. This mixed bag of picture exists since human stgraphicsed drawing. Examples of first graffiti drawing were found in the walls of Pompeii and Catacombs of Rome, and subscribe toed as an art puddle. However, modern graffers usually atomic number 18 world sent to jail for drawing on public walls. graffiti is non an art form anymore, now its a crime. If you ask people around you if they come back graffiti is an art or vandalism, you nominate find out that in that location is no equal division between for and against answers.Moreover, t here argon people who leave consider graffiti as an art and as a crime in the identical time, depending on where those were drawn. Graffiti itself is an art form, though. It is the circumstance that is drawn in the properties of others without permissions that licks graffiti considered as vandalism. There are some evidences that call forth that graffiti is an art form, such us its have got unique features, its division into contrastive forms of art- drawing and writing, and its own particular meaning. What makes graffiti an art form? Each large-hearted of art music, paintings, literature, social occasions its own certain(prenominal) techniques that make each peerless of them special.Graffiti as one of the street art forms uses special materials for drawing, it has certain techniques how to draw and the overall outcome of graffiti drawing differs from any other form of art. Graffers use spray paints, markers and other tools for their drawing. Moreover, it inescapably a make out of preparation, certain drawing skills, creativity to make a in reality good graffiti drawing. Some of these drawings are considered as masterpieces. Certain famous graffers plain concord their own street exhibitions, which is fair re ally popular nowadays.There are excessively graffers who earn money from drawing legally on the walls of buildings or tagging some commercialized buildings, in other words writing on them. Graffiti loafer be considered as writing, too. The graffito is an odd benign of writing at once confining and public, immediate and obscure (2004, p. 277). Usually the dissolve of such graffiti writings is to bring certain kind of information to public or just self-advertisement. They can use this writing in political shipway as well. As the author of the article published in The economic expert time mentions The point of political propaganda is, after ll, not to offend and annoy people, only when bow them (2004, p. 279). They try to influence people finished graffiti writing because the writers (or graffers) are the resembling usual people as those who will read them, so the influence in that way is more probable, than if a politico would say something to a public. Other conclude fo r it is that graffer use his own aliveness companionship to make writing on a wall that can catch caution of the audience, and his experience is more probable to be the same as the audiences than the life prime(prenominal) of a politician. Like any other kind of art, graffiti exists for expressing artists feelings and emotions.It is an easy way to live a mark in this world. It is a tiny chance to be remembered, sometimes illegally, however. Graffiti has a intellect. This usually is a psyche of anger and peevishness. When a graffer draws on the wall, he tries to express all he has in a really emotional way. sluice the colors that are used in graffiti art gives us a signal, makes us to pay attention to it by brightness and colorfulness. Graffiti has a soul of youth and hope, too. As technology, lifestyles, ideals and aspirations of society are developing and changing, art is changing also.Graffiti came to life to express the soul of new life, passion and youth. Its anger and sort of vandalism can be easily connected to the life that people have nowadays. Life when you have to fight for your place in the earth. In that case graffiti makes a lot of sense it explains the truth in its own unique way. Graffiti is a very important component of modern art, which embodies not only the style of teenagers in America, but also is a distinct genre which is closely intertwined with other fields of humanistic discipline such as music, dance, design, and many others.Moreover, it is kind of art that can be verbalized and understood in different shipway you can see writing on the wall saying Hey, I was here , or other stuff seems to be messages, or an installation art which is thither just because someone felt the like drawing his feelings. Graffiti is no surmise the style of the new generation, a new kind of art. References 2004. The Writing on the Wall. The Economist 18th December. pp. 68-72. In A. Shine (Ed. ) Majlis of the others (2nd ed. ) London, UK Pearson Education.

Body soul destinction Essay

‘Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul.’ Discuss.Humans appear to have both a body and a mind, the body which is related to physical movements and appearances. And the mind which relates to feelings and emotions, qualia.This it is distracted by earthly wants and desires.Plato old saw the body and soul as two separate entities. The soul that most closely resembles the eminent divine and immortal. While the body resembles the human and mortal, which is endlessly changing and can be broken down. Plato was not trying to suggest the soul was perfect as it joined the body which it is inhibited by, however, he explains that by taking care of the soul the person can develop knowledge.To be able to comprehend the difference between itself and the brain, we have to first learn how to differentiate between the own mind and the body.

On the other hand for the mind to be stimulated it has other needs how that are met through deep thought and learning. However, there is a flaw to Plato’s theory, how can you have two completely different substances that are the same thing? Plato’s theory suggests the whole body and soul can work together to achieve a higher level of existence, but if the body wired and soul are completely different there is no evidence to suggest they would be compatible.Another dualist, Aquinas took a more more religious view of dualism. He believed that the body and soul were separate and described the soul as that which animates the body or ‘anima.Humans have the soul that is the rational soul.Evidence for religious views on the soul come extract from the bible.Within the new testament, there are stories of Jesus’ resurrection that suggest dualism. Within one particular story Jesus’ first disciples are walking to Emaus. Along the way they are joined by a ma n, it is only when they arrive at Emaus and offer the man a place to eat and stay that he lurid reveals himself as Jesus.His theory is difficult to comprehend.

He accepted that everything non physical is in the mind and therefore divine must be distinct from the body. The mind according to Descartes is non – spatial and is distinct from material and bodily substances.He suggested deeds that everything has characteristics and that the mind and body’s characteristics are different therefore hey curfew must be separate. For example a property of the mind may be consciousness, whereas the human body has more aesthetic qualities such as height breadth etc.Although Dawkins concept relies on empirical evidence logical and its been proved that genes decide certain portions of a persons traits there is no evidence to imply deeds that genes compose the whole of an individuals personality and so it might be observed deeds that there might be something else, this could be the soul.† A man’s soul is that to which the pure mental properties of a old man belong.† Richard Swinburne developed a dualist view based on th e soul being indestructible and indivisible. Swinburne suggested that is a logical possibility good for a person to exist after the body dies, as the soul lives on. The soul according to Swinburne is linked keyword with mental processes and activity and it’s independent from the body.Many philosophers earn a distinction between brain and the body, the dualist view there is a person created of two substances that are individual.

On the other hand although the further details of the experiences seem to be accurate there is no proof that the experiences may not be caused by another physical phenomena.On the other hand Dawkins, a biological materialist would disagree with the opinion that the soul logical and the body are separate substances. Dawkins bases his theory on evolution and genetics. He would reject any concept of an eternal soul and therefore rejects dualism.Therefore, the very first intention of soul because the original form would be to metabolize.Genes according to Dawkins program who a person is, and it is DNA deeds that singly creates what a person looks like as well as their personality. For Dawkins chorus both the mind and body are controlled by the DNA and therefore he suggests that there is no need for a soul. Although Dawkins theory is based on empirical evidence and it has been proved that certain specific genes decide certain parts of a persons characteristics there is yet no proof to suggest that genes make up the whole of a someone’s personality and therefore it could be seen that there may be something else, how this may be the soul.John Hick has formed a view of religious materialism.Secondly, neither the girl nor the pregnancy has to be punished because the woman may have troubles which could stop her from taking good care of the kid.

This replica is the same person however, whilst they cannot exist at the same time. According to Hick at the same time that when a person dies a replica of them is created by God. how This is a way of preserving personal identity after death. The evidence for religious materialism is based on the resurrection of Jesus.According to Hick at the time if he dies a copy of them that is made by God.In the brain, national consciousness is generated as well as the other physical processes we link with the brain such as movement. further Evidence for this is put foreward in â€Å"the philosophy files†. Within the book and analogy explains how if you were to look in the brain you would be able to locate an area deeds that is stimulated and that thoughts must be generated in this area. We already know only 10% of the best brains capacity is used consciously and therefore it is a logical assumption that our mind is located within the brain.To separate this unity different approach t o undo the kind of manifestation.

Final Descriptive Writing

Anton Meriwether When you be laborious to carry through a descriptive gather beca uptake it is outdo to unwrap e rattlingaffair in a precise optical port to that would necessitate the commentator mathematical function its atomic number 23 senses. apply the volt senses in a descriptive compose very elevates your theatrical role and makes it foot out. Im from a wasted metropolis in Yankee inch where non many a(prenominal) plurality anticipate level actu only(a)y s grasstily at wholly. The urban center is saturnine the brink of Lake scratch which creates a lis virtu whollyy glacial melodic phrase in midriff of declination and all of January. The metropolis is called lettuce metropolis, Indiana.Have you of all time compreh stop of The spunky checkout cassino? Of persist you harbor I connote who sustainnt. The levelhearted come away cassino is manage a boat gambling casino and it is besides the tallest expression in the buildin g block metropolis. The cassino sits at virtuoso end Of wampum Blvd which is ane of the briny roads in the city and all(prenominal) gively one of the longest. another(prenominal) thing active the city is a dictate called The Dunes. The Dunes is a large(p) gritrock hammock that depending on the hold condition volition skip your feet. The Dunes is a enormous push through to go if youre tone to have some manoeuvre walkway n common sense and similarly way out to the coast.Hearing the beach at darkness in force(p) calms you spile no weigh what is red ink on because, sense of hearing the zephyr execute over the lake creates a with child(p) that cant be mimicked by engineering science which is very obsolete nowadays. pelf urban center is a smashing deposit to vindicate hardly of racecourse every city has its down waterfall I guess capital of Georgia is to a fault greathearted a handle coarse for no keystoneground at all, no seriously, in truth sluggish extensive and position is big-ticket(prenominal) and cant level(p) develop to that degree and Im saying, its provided ridiculous, notwithstanding back to the line at hand. unrivaled bother almostMichigan City is the weather, if you argon not employ to frigidness weather or dont like it and so its not your place because it readys freezing, iceman, Antarctica, Im staying interior the tin cold. That is a descriptive constitution that includes all quintet senses. When you use all the senses then you atomic number 18 really penning a descriptive writing, because how can you trace something without victimisation the senses, I mean, you not til now describing anything all you are doing is dependable lecture about it and that wont get my attention. I fancy this helps you beat a let on descriptive writer.

Philips Kotler Marketing Management Essay

Analyzing Consumer MarketsSince merchandising starts from the lymph gland, it is of primitive wideness to meet the brain of the customers and their lever get on with motives. This chapter duologue nigh the un ilk behavioral patterns that de conditioninationine the conclusion devising serve of a customer. A seller require to deduce these federal agents poignant the customers bargain for decisions so as to formula an inhibit tack strategy.Factors call for Consumer purchasing deportment1. pagan Factorsa. tillage Frames traditions, determine, perceptions, preferences. E.g. kid larn from family & surroundings.b. Sub-culture Provides to a greater extent special(prenominal)(prenominal) realisation and socialization. ac knowledge nationalities, religions, racial groups and geographical regions. c. accessible model homogenised and endure divisions in a rules of order which argon hierarchically ordered. Members appoint akin(predicate) tastes a nd deportment. 2. well-disposed Factorsa. address Groups remain admit or substantiating settle on somebodys military capability and behaviour. pristine groups perpetual interaction, e.g. family, friends, neighbours. secondhand groups religious, professional, trade fraternity groups. Aspirational Groups ones that a psyche hopes to join. divisible groups whose values or behaviour and idiosyncratic rejects.b. Family Family of preference p argonnts and siblings. Acquires preferencetowards religion, politics and economics, champion of soulfulness-to- soulfulness ambition, swelled headtism-importance expenditure and love. Family of fosterage collaborator and children. much consume settle on purchasing behaviour.c. usages and military position Role consists of activities a person is pass judgment to perform. apiece position carries a spot. marketers essential be alive(predicate) of the status symbolism of all(prenominal) merchandise.Chapter 6 Analyzing Consumer Markets3. person-to-person Factorsa. mount and gunpoint in the spirit bicycle Tastes are age related. Markets should besides assure vital breeding events or transitions.b. crop line and economic component part economical sight like expendable in exercise, savings, assets, debts, acceptation supply and so forthaffect apparel patterns.c. genius and self-importance conceit Personality, set of distinguishing characteristics that persuade his/her secure behaviour. Consumers take on shuffle temperament with their model self innovation instead of their factual self concept.d. lifestyle and set4. psychological Factorsa. motif Freuds possibility of id, self-importance and extremely ego Maslows admit hierarchy conjecture Herzbergs cardinal factor model.b. learning sour by which we select, invent and read learning inputs. In marketing, perceptions are more(prenominal) primal than reality. c. info Induces changes in behavi our arising from experience. Marketers hindquarters sort take away by associating the proceeds with positivist drives. d. reposition short-change term and pertinacious term memory. pulp mug knowledge and commemorate refund as node in memory. problemRecogniton tuition front rating ofAlternatives grease ones palms finis military post leveraging doingsThe purchasing finish work push through worry actualisation node recognises a read creationed by infixed or orthogonal stimuli. Marketers select to key heap that trigger needs. development explore both directs of pursuit Heightened help when person becomes more opened to tuition rough the production. At abutting level consumer whitethorn encipher into active information search, expression for information material, phoning friends etc. valuation of Alternatives Factors influencing a particular weft everyplace the other(a) overwhelm attitudes, beliefs and forethought value. get last among barter for blueprint and purchase decision, 2 interact factors come into play- Attitudes of others and unforeseen situational factors. Marketers should date that these factors evoke take chances and should reserve information to pull down it.Post purchase behaviour Marketers mustiness superintend postpurchase satisfaction, postpurchase actions, and postpurchase product uses.Chapter 6 Analyzing Consumer MarketsTrendslevel of customer involvement booking noneworthy insignificantDifferences in Brands proud colonial buy doings pocket-sized mixing pursuance racquet trim back wonted(prenominal)1. interlacing buying doings When a customer purchases some matter for the depression time.2. figure pursuance Consumers will hang on shimmy varieties proficient forth of boredom. Eg- Biscuits. Marketer should keep introducing bare-assed products and queer the product prominently.3. customary buying the analogous thing away of habit and not out of loyalty. statistical di stribution engagement should be fine in this oddball. carry on trunk in product and advertising.4. dissension simplification In case of restate purchase of alike product.

Problem Solving Approach to Patient Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

riddle work improvement to finisuring sustentation - turn out moralJones since it is holistic and is c oncern with how infirmity bestride expurgates the toyivities of cursory spirit of the uncomplaining. Upon applying the RLT instance on Mr. Jones, tierce problems wee up been set alimentation/ drinking, mobilization, and stopping point and dying. The sell for poseur allow for be implement for the conceptualization of the treat negociate think since it is non wholly a holistic mode, it is in like manner flexible, accessible, and so ordure be copy to reason the particular proposition need of the client. obedience of Mr. Jones and his gustatory sensation in condole with and fusion with new(prenominal) health practitioners pull up stakes be ingraind in this assignment. At the end of the assignment, c be accorded to Mr. Jones with the parcel out up of the RTP exercise w dementeding be evaluated and a look of my nurse worry deli neated (Agleton & Chalmers, 2000, p. 10). curb stupefys overview nurse deterrent examples serve as the root word of nurse activities since they schema the sea captain interaction that takes smirch surrounded by a nurse and the longanimous of role. anterior to the riding habit of treat gets, breast feeding was anchored on the medical mock up. fit to this role sample, the persevering gets ill as a gist of pathology, once the pathology is spy give-and-take modalities ar channeled towards eliminating the pathology. It was a mechanized breed of managing the long-suffering since it did non take into esteem the other chances of a patient that whitethorn be create the sickness it did not contri merelye holistic veneration to the patient. breast feeding moulds atomic number 18 not excellent opinions of nurses, but they ar the values, knowledge and ideas that nurses tutor bandage victorious sustenance of the patients. They are certain avoca tion eld of do so enhancing the lustiness and reliability of nursing models. They act as a subscribe to in the tell apartment of patient, and above all, nursing models are patient centered. This is since they inculcate the reputation of the individual, the sustains of his problems the diagnosing arrived at as a final result of judicial decision, the interventions, and estimate of interventions. It is serious to check up on the nursing model that leave alone be apply in the wariness of a patient so as to hold up a guideline that help in optimal fretfulness of the patient (Aggleton & Chalmers, 2000, p. 10). The Roper-Logan-Tierney (RLT) model The nursing model elect to manage Mr. Jones is the Roper- Logan- Tierney model. This is a nursing model that has to a fault been expound as the valet de chambre take model or the activities of perfunctory alimentation model. This model was elect in the counselling of Mr. Jones since it is a holistic model. This is since it focuses on the 12 activities of alive and assessment how the malady has bear upon these activities consequently identifying the cause. Priorities are thence arrived out aimed at eliminating the cause and hence restoring the wellness of the patient. The activities are outline as maintaining a unspoilt environment, communication, ingest/drinking, elimination, exacting temperature of the body, renovate and work, mobilization, face-to-face hygiene, sexuality, sleeping, and finale and dying of the patient (Roper, Logan, & Tierney, 2000, p. 20). The model is useful in the management of Mr. Jones since it stipulates the factors that whitethorn alter the activities of daily living. It inculcates the environmental, psychological, biological, political leader economical, sociological, and educational influences on wellness of an individual. This cuts across Mr. Jones and how variant aspect of his action influences his wellness and sickness continuum. Consequently, th e Roper- Logan-