Scientific Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scientific Management - Essay Example In the fields of sociology and politics, scientific management can be viewed as the division of labour shoved to its rational limit, with the resulting oppression of the workplace and devaluation of the labourer (Taksa 1992). Although the usefulness of scientific management in the 21st century has been largely criticised, some of its premises survive today in several major companies, such as McDonalds, Ford, and Toyota. This paper discusses the extent of the application of scientific management in the 21st century and how its limitations are turned into something productive. First, a presentation of an overview of Taylor’s scientific management is imperative. Frederick Taylor argued that actions rooted in traditional practice and established methods should be replaced by accurate processes formulated after thorough analysis of a person at work. Its use is dependent on a strengthened degree of managerial control over the labour practices and work routines of employees (Freeman 1996). According to Drucker (2007), Taylor’s scientific management, also referred to as ‘Taylorism’, is a deviation on the issue of efficiency. Basically, it means that Taylor’s scientific management is concerned with waste reduction, productivity or efficiency enhancement, and application of scientific methods in choosing what is really important. ... asise the application of economic theories of utility maximisation and efficiency and scientific study to make sure that industry and government functioned to their best ability—which was the larger cultural version of the influence of scientific management on managers in particular. Indeed, Scientific Management is all but a systematic philosophy of worker and work. Altogether it may well be the most powerful as well as the most lasting contribution that America has made to Western thought since the Federalist Papers (Maciariello & Linkletter 2011, 384). The words of Maciariello and Linkletter (2011,384) reflect the significant efforts of scientific management scholars’ contribution to the development of management theory leading to its adaptation in the 21st century. The scientific management scholars created the managerial expertise of job design or planning through specialisation and division of labour, and developed the original methods of mass production. They als o raised the value of selection and training of employees. They pioneered the use of incentive and compensation packages to enhance work efficiency. They opened up the application of systematic and rational techniques to work out managerial issues (Mullins 2010). Ultimately, they placed emphasis to management as a legitimate area of scientific research. Nevertheless, there are several limitations to be taken into consideration. Primarily, as argued by Nankervis and colleagues (2005), the organised techniques of scientific management have been discovered to have their uses mostly in secure work settings and have less relevance in multifaceted and risk-inclined organisations. Also, they gave a great deal of importance on the alleged economic and rational essence of humans, exaggerating humans’ need

Rights of Accused Essay Example for Free

Rights of Accused Essay

Financial Manager Career Data Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

As the economy expands and employment opportunities increase, the need for workers with financial expertise will go up. I will enter the workforce at an excellent time to pursue a career as a financial manager. The information I have acquired concerning this field including opportunities, salary, and working conditions will justify my decision to obtain a position as a financial manager for a major corporation. The opportunities available to someone with a degree in finance are limited to only a few facets of the business world, but according to Job Outlook 2004, a finance degree is one of the top ten degrees in highest demand. Employers are starting to seek graduates with a master’s degree as well as a bachelor’s degree, which makes competition tough among applicants. Technology plays a major role in the financial world and applicants that possess strong computer skills will have a better chance of being hired in their desired field. In the Occupational Outlook Handbook, it says that financial managers must possess critical thinking skills and work well in a team environment. We are part of a global economy, which means that it is essential for applicants to have knowledge of international finance, and be willing to travel to other business markets around the world. In addition to business travel, financial managers are expected to work between 50-60 hours a week as an entry-level associate, and are required to attend office meetings. Up to date information is critical, th...

My Belief System

A belief system is the combination of thoughts, opinions, or convictions on the most profound questions of life. What is a human being? What is the meaning and purpose of life? What is righteous behavior and what is sinful? Why is so much suffering caused and does it have any purpose? How can a greater and lasting happiness be found in life? What happens at death? What happens thereafter? Is there anything such as judgment? Will the righteous be rewarded? Such are the questions that weigh heavily upon any person seeking a deeper meaning of life, and possibly the way to salvation.They are no easy self-evident answers to these questions. One cannot come to any clear-cut conclusions to these questions using thinking and analysis, although philosophers do try to do so. The ultimate questions of life belong to the dimension of metaphysics, and have to be largely accepted as a matter of belief or faith. The articles of a believer's religious faith are not conclusions derived by ratiocinati ve, discriminating mind. Mind has little to do with them, they are more related to the heart and the soul of a person.For example, the existence of soul itself is not something one can infer from rational analysis or physical dissection. Yet the existence of soul is central to nearly every religious belief system on the earth. Logical thinking cannot make anything of such a belief. Similarly, the presence of God is something beyond the reach of human mind to comprehend. Yet, a belief in God is again the core of nearly every religious belief system. I myself follow a deeply Christian belief system that is founded upon the Glory of God and the mystery of His creation.When we enter the domain of a religious system, we have to leave the mind behind and follow the voice of the heart. I believe that we should follow a belief system not because our parents followed it or the people around us follow it, but simply because there is a resonance between the elements of that particular religiou s thinking and oneself. Of course, usually one finds this special affinity to the religious tradition one is born into, and that is the case with me too.I am a Protestant Christian and I find that the Protestants have a direct and intimate approach to religion. I am at home among Protestant Christians and particularly in my church and denomination, the Baptist Christians. Though I myself belong to the Baptist church, and have certain strong convictions concerning theological/metaphysical matters in accordance to my particular belief system, I try to regard other denominations and even faiths with an open mind. I believe that deep down, the religious impulse of men and women all over the world is the same.Further, the courage or abstractness of thought needed to allow the heart to believe in completely unseen things is also more or less the same, although I acknowledge the fact that in a majority of cases, religious belief are just a matter of custom which do not have serious implica tions in a person’s life. But when religion is taken seriously, the essential nature of divergent belief systems can be the same though the contents differ, sometimes radically as between Eastern pantheistic religions and the strictly monotheistic Judeo-Christian religion.I believe that God’s mystery is so great that it can perhaps equally validate widely differing religious belief systems. Let me offer a relevant example here from the world of physics: an electron can be a particle and also a wave at the same time. Common sense tells us that something cannot be a particle and a wave at the same time, surely that is impossible in the very nature of things — and yet in reality it can happen and in fact this is how things are. Similarly, God’s mystery can be so vast that it can accommodate two or more apparently conflicting metaphysical viewpoints.Thus, almost paradoxically, although I am strong believer in the tenets of my own faith, I do not fanatically o r arrogantly claim or even think that my denomination, my sect, my religion, is exclusively correct and all others wrong. I believe that ultimately, the mystery of God cannot be contained by any particular belief system. I also believe that more than the specific doctrines of a belief system, what is more important is the passionate intensity of the believer in God, whatever may be the name of the God. I believe in the efficacy of prayer and the total need to feel personally connected to the divinity of God.To me, that divinity is represented in the image of Jesus Christ. As everyone knows, Baptists insist that one has to fully accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior as a personal conscious choice, not as just a matter of course. The event of Baptism marks this choice or decision. Although all Christians follow the ceremony of Baptism, and I respect that, I personally think (and not simply because I myself am a Baptist) that such a most sacred event in one’s life which confirm s one’s personal relationship to God cannot be simply imposed on children who are not mature enough to make decisions for themselves.Making Baptism into a matter of tradition and custom, instead of being a reflection of the most deeply heart-felt conviction is trivializing it. And I am proud that I am born into a particular system of faith that recognizes this and places so much importance on the act of being â€Å"born again. † For me, being born again is not just a matter of belief of doctrine, but a tremendous inspiration at every step of my life. I also personally believe that being â€Å"born again† is not a one-time event associated with Baptism and does not end with it, in fact it only begins with it.One has to be born again and again in spirit. One’s faith in God has to be renewed, rejuvenated and reaffirmed every day, only then the stream of faith can be kept flowing instead of becoming frozen. The belief in God, after all, is not simply a matter of belief — anyone can believe anything, and it does not make much difference; what makes the difference is the living energy and intensity that goes into prayer which forms a personal connection between the soul and God. There are numerous distinctive tenets in the Baptist faith that are the result of a well-grounded biblical, theological reasoning.However, as I mentioned already, ultimately belief goes beyond reasoning, in its intensity and authenticity it even transcends the particular forms and structures it outwardly conforms to. Let me reiterate the fact that religion is a personal heart-to-heart affair between the soul and God. It is more like a love relationship than a particular type of world-view. The religious quest begins with questions such as what is the meaning of life, what happens after death and so on. A belief system provides or is supposed to provide answers for them. But how do I know that they are true, and absolutely true?In this context, people usuall y say that that is the meaning of â€Å"belief† – one accepts a certain element of belief as a matter of faith rather than a demonstrable fact of knowledge. I agree to that entirely. But I would like to go a little further. To me, my particular belief system does not provide all the answers to all the questions, such as why innocent children have often to suffer so cruelly, or why millions of people are dying in Africa from hunger and disease. In a world governed by a compassionate and infinitely wise God, how can such and so many other atrocious things happen constantly and everywhere?There are no easy answers. My belief-system does not provide satisfactory answers to these questions, but my personal faith in the wisdom and power of God allays my questioning mind. There are no clear and distinct answers, but the questions themselves become amorphous and disappear in the burning intensity of one’s faith. To have faith in God means to have faith that whatever is happening, is happening for certain reason, though it may not be easy for us to comprehend God’s ways. To a praying heart, ultimately, the one answer it needs is found in the joy and upliftment to be found in the act of prayer.

Natural Selection and North Carolina

Natural Selection Case Study QuestionsName _______________________________ Part I 1. Which state has more plain clover? North Carolina 2. Which state has more striped clover? Minnesota 3. Which state has a warmer average temperature? North Carolina 4. Which state has more days of freezing temperatures? North Carolina 5. Which state has drier conditions? Minnesota 6. Which state has more mollusks? North Carolina Part II 7. Why are the two gene products that are needed to produce active cyanide stored in different parts of the cell?They are stored in different cells because one is covered in stripes which the striped clover contains cyanide while the other is plain which the plain clover don’t contains cyanide 8. What are two ways that the cells can be disrupted causing the two components to come together and produce active cyanide? 9. What would be the advantage of producing cyanide? It allows perennial plants to survive which it grow again in the spring 10. Is there any disadv antage to producing cyanide? Explain.Yes, It can be damage caused by freezing and plant eaters can harm plant cells 11. What do these results tell you about the interaction between the snails and the clover? 12. It takes extra energy to produce the white stripe in the clover. Why would a clover expend the extra energy to produce a stripe rather than using the energy for growth? It would expand the extra energy because of Fitness. Part III 13. Which factors might contribute to / or inhibit the growth of the plain clover in MN?Bacteria that produce vaccines and hormones 14. Which factors might contribute to / or inhibit the growth of the striped clover in MN? Crops that resist herbicides and diseases or contain natural pesticides 15. Which factors might contribute to / or inhibit the growth of the plain clover in NC? Plants which can be eaten as vaccines 16. Which factors might contribute to / or inhibit the growth of the striped clover in NC? Growth hormones to produce lager faster o ffsprings 17.Which factor do you think caused the most selection pressure on the clover population in MN? 18. Which factor do you think caused the most selection pressure on the clover population in NC? Part IV 19. Which type of clover will be more abundant in the shallow depressions? Why? Plain because it covers the area behind the oceanfront dunes 20. Which type of clover will be more abundant in on the hill and why? Stripes because water drains quickly

Free Essays on Aztec Nation

A distant sound is heard. It sounds like a deep drum being hit with a heavy instrument. You hear it again and strain your eyes in the direction of the sound. All around you is dense jungle. Snakes slither between your legs. You hear the sound once again. In front of you is a dense stand of ferns. You part them and look down into a wide open valley. The valley gets so wide and it is so green that it takes your breath away. But that is not what you are looking at. You are staring at a huge city with glittering buildings shining in the spring sunlight. Smoke rises up from some of the many houses. You can see and hear children playing in the wide open fields in front of the shining buildings. Lamas and chickens are being bought and sold. You see bags of gold jewelry being bought and sold. Beyond the market place you can watch a religious ceremony. You hear the scream of a person being sacrificed to one of the gods. Beyond the city there are roads made of stone and canals full of pedestrians and canos. Who are these people and what are they doing here you wonder? The above paragraph describes what an early explorer in Mexico might have seen between 1400 and 1500 AD. The Aztec nation is one of the largest and most advanced Indian nations to ever exist on earth. Just about every part of the Aztec life was advance to such a state that at that time of the world the people were living better than many European nations. The Aztec nation is unique in its history, economy, environment, and way of life then any other nation at that time. Perhaps three to four thousand years ago, small bands of hunting-gathering peoples made their way across the land bridge that was the frozen Bering Strait, migrated southward through what is now Alaska, Canada, the United States, Central America, South America, and Mexico, settling along the way. One such hunting- gathering group settled in the Central Valley of what is now Mexico (Nichol... Free Essays on Aztec Nation Free Essays on Aztec Nation A distant sound is heard. It sounds like a deep drum being hit with a heavy instrument. You hear it again and strain your eyes in the direction of the sound. All around you is dense jungle. Snakes slither between your legs. You hear the sound once again. In front of you is a dense stand of ferns. You part them and look down into a wide open valley. The valley gets so wide and it is so green that it takes your breath away. But that is not what you are looking at. You are staring at a huge city with glittering buildings shining in the spring sunlight. Smoke rises up from some of the many houses. You can see and hear children playing in the wide open fields in front of the shining buildings. Lamas and chickens are being bought and sold. You see bags of gold jewelry being bought and sold. Beyond the market place you can watch a religious ceremony. You hear the scream of a person being sacrificed to one of the gods. Beyond the city there are roads made of stone and canals full of pedestrians and canos. Who are these people and what are they doing here you wonder? The above paragraph describes what an early explorer in Mexico might have seen between 1400 and 1500 AD. The Aztec nation is one of the largest and most advanced Indian nations to ever exist on earth. Just about every part of the Aztec life was advance to such a state that at that time of the world the people were living better than many European nations. The Aztec nation is unique in its history, economy, environment, and way of life then any other nation at that time. Perhaps three to four thousand years ago, small bands of hunting-gathering peoples made their way across the land bridge that was the frozen Bering Strait, migrated southward through what is now Alaska, Canada, the United States, Central America, South America, and Mexico, settling along the way. One such hunting- gathering group settled in the Central Valley of what is now Mexico (Nichol...

Sport Scale Essay Essays

Sport Scale Essay Essays Sport Scale Essay Essay Sport Scale Essay Essay ABSTRACT The primary intent of this survey was to develop a valid and dependable instrument to measure athletics fan motive. Besides. the new step was employed to analyze the relationship between athletics fan motive and cultural individuality. One hundred 60 nine college pupils from two southeasterly establishments participated in this survey. Data were analyzed utilizing exploratory and collateral factor analysis. Bivariate correlativity. t trial. ANOVA. and descriptive statistics. The Fan Motivation Scale ( FMS ) . developed in this survey. consisted of six constituents with 22 points. The figure of points under every constituent scope from 5 to 2 points ( quality of the game 4 points. get away 5 points. ennui turning away 5 points. societal 3 points. amusement 3 points. and athletics atmosphere 2 points ) . In add-on. two hypotheses were tested in the current survey. The first hypothesis was that cultural individuality is positively related to feature fan motive. The 2nd hypothesis assumed that there was a difference between African Americans and European Americans in their cultural individuality. The consequences revealed the FMS is a dependable step with an overall alpha mark of 0. 90. Significant differences were found between participants in the entire FMS and some of the subscales based on gender and ethnicity. However. the results of the samples examined in this survey do non back up the first hypothesis. Therefore. no important relationship was found between athletics fan motive and cultural individuality. Sing the 2nd hypothesis. a important difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their cultural individuality. seven Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Sports have become an progressively of import portion of our society. Sports fans represent a important per centum of athletics consumers. because 70 per centum or more of Americans ticker. read. or discuss athleticss at least one time a twenty-four hours ( Iso-Ahola A ; Hatfield. 1986 ) . From 1985 to 1998. attending has significantly increased at the four major athleticss in the United States. Major League Baseball ( MLB ) had the largest addition in the figure of people go toing games ( 24. 2 million. a 50 % addition ) . followed by professional hoops ( 10. 3 million. a 89 % addition ) . professional football ( 5. 7 million. a 40 % addition ) . and professional hockey ( 5. 6 million. a 49 % addition ) . The figure of people go toing college featuring events has besides increased during this clip period ( U. S. Census Bureau. 2000 ) . Additionally. more telecasting scheduling clip is being devoted to featuring events. The ESPN was the 5th highest ranked telecasting web in 2000. in footings of gross. it was estimated to be $ 2. 1 billion ( McAvoy. 2000 ) . With the addition of involvement in athleticss has become an increased involvement of athleticss fans as consumers. Sport squads and companies are really interested in pulling as many consumers as possible to buy game tickets or merchandises. Therefore. athletics sellers should admit the factors that drive fans to follow athletics by go toing. watching on telecasting. or buying merchandises. However. understanding the impression of athleticss fans is non simple because their attitudes and behaviours are non determined by a individual motivation or factor but instead occur for a assortment of grounds ( Mashiach. 1980 ) . Statement of the Problem There has been a turning involvement in the survey of athletics fan motives in recent old ages to better understand fan behaviours ( Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002 ; Funk. Mahony. Nakazawa. A ; Hirakawa. 2001 ; Funk. Mahony A ; Ridinger. 2002 ; Funk. Ridinger. A ; Moorman. 2003 ; Gantz. 1981 ; Kahle. Kambara. A ; Rose. 1996 ; Lee. 2002 ; Mahony. Nakazawa. Funk. James. A ; Gladden. 2002 ; Pease A ; Zhang. 2001 ; Trail A ; James. 2001 ; Wann. 1995 ; Wann. Bilyeu. Brennan. Osborn A ; Gambouras. 1999 ; Wann. Brewer. A ; 1 Royalty. 1999 ; Wann. Schrader A ; Wilson. 1999 ) . Some of these surveies have introduced steps of different ingestion motivations of athletics fans. In add-on. research workers have examined the relationship between fan motive and other variables such as squad designation. engagement. gender. and race. The steps used in old surveies to measure fan motives vary in length and figure of constituents. However. some of the constituents are used in all or most graduated tables such as the amusement constituent. the household constituent. and the friends constituent. They besides portion really similar points with respect to similar constituents. Items used in most old graduated tables frequently begin with the words â€Å"I like† . â€Å"I enjoy† . or â€Å"I feel† which raises a cogency issue for the steps because the aforesaid words represent satisfaction and attitude instead than motive. Fan satisfaction relates to the felicity and pleasance associated with the result of a clean event while fan attitude represents the sentiment and feelings an person has about a athletics squad or featuring event. On the other manus. athletics fan motive refers to the grounds that drive persons to back up athletics squads. be loyal to them. purchase team/sport related merchandises. ticker and go to featuring events. The Purpose of the Study The intent of this survey was to develop a valid and dependable instrument to measure athletics fan motivations. Besides. the new step was utilized to analyze the relationship between fan motive and cultural individuality. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual model of this survey includes the treatment of two constructs. First. the Fan Motivation Scale and its content will be introduced. Second. the impression of cultural individuality and why it should be correlated with athletics fan motive will be presented. The anterior research ( Wann. 1995 ; Funk. Mahony. Nakazawa. A ; Hirakawa. 2001 ; Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002 ) identified assorted motivations that could drive fans to go to featuring events. Some of these motivations are related to personal demands ( amusement and fiscal 2 addition ) . societal demands ( adhering with household and group association ) . and psychological demands ( self-esteem and accomplishment ) . In effort to mensurate the motivations of athletics fans. the research workers introduced different graduated tables. These graduated tables comprised different figure of motivations runing from 7 motivations with 16 points to 18 motivations with 54 points. The length of some of the graduated tables was non the lone job. The major concern for old graduated tables is in the content cogency. the extent to which points used in the graduated table accurately represent fan motivations. In fact. all old graduated tables included points that are more related to attitude and satisfaction so motive. The ground for this job is the deficiency of clear definition of athletics fan motive. The current survey is traveling to see athletics fan motive as the grounds that drive persons to back up athletics squads. be loyal to them. purchase team/sport related merchandises. ticker and go to featuring events. In add-on. this survey will use a reappraisal of related literature and the anterior attempt made on fan motive graduated tables to develop valid and dependable steps of athletics fan motive. The proposed Fan Motivation Scale ( FMS ) will mensurate six motivations: societal. amusement. flight. aesthetic. psychological. and amotivation. The societal motivation assesses the extent to which persons participate in featuring events as witnesss because they desire to pass clip with their households ( Gantz. 1981 ; Wann. 1995 ) . Besides. to some persons. group association is an of import motive of being a athletics fan. Sport spectating provides a fan with chances to portion clip with others who enjoy the same activities. A fan may desire to maintain contact with a group of fans and seek safety from a feeling of disaffection ( Branscombe A ; Wann. 1991 ; Smith. 1988 ; Wann. 1995 ) . The amusement motivation includes points that represent the desire of some persons to hold a good clip and bask the exhilaration associated with featuring events. Some fans might bask a athletics because of its amusement value. Sport spectating provides fans with leisure interest activities similar to watching films or telecasting. One advantage of athletics spectating is that few particular accomplishments. if any. are required ( Zillmann. Bryant A ; Sapolsky. 1989 ; Wann. 1995 ) . The flight motivation of athletics fans assesses the desire of athletics fans to get away or diverge from their mundane lives. Attending a clean event gives many people an 3 chance to temporarily bury about their troubling. dissatisfying. or tiring lives ( Smith. 1988 ; Lever A ; Wheeler. 1984 ; Wann. Schrader A ; Wilson. 1999 ) . The aesthetic motivation of athletics fans entreaties to those that are motivated by the aesthetic value of the athletics. Some fans enjoy athleticss because of the competition between extremely skilled jocks. The beauty. grace. and other artistic features make some people enjoy featuring events ( Milne A ; McDonald. 1999 ; Wann. 1995 ) . The psychological motivation is a factor that motivates athleticss fans and gives them a feeling of achievement and accomplishment when the fans’ favourite squad or participant is successful. Sports fans tend to tie in themselves with a successful squad or participant in order to make and prolong a positive self-concept ( Branscombe A ; Wann. 1991 ; Milne A ; McDonald. 1999 ; Sloan. 1989 ) . Amotivation refers to the province of missing an purpose to move. When amotivated. individual’s action lacks intentionality and a sense of personal causing ( Ryan A ; Deci. 2000 ) . Amotivation consequences from non valuing an activity ( Ryan. 1995 ) . non experiencing competent to make it ( Deci. 1975 ) . or non believing it will give a coveted result ( Seligman. 1975 ) . Some persons might travel to feature events and watch athletics games because they have nil else to make. tire. and want to kill clip. These types of grounds had been neglected in old surveies of athletics fan motive. As mentioned earlier. anterior research has examined the relationship between fan motives and other variables such as athletics engagement. squad designation. and some demographic factors of selected athletics fans. However. the cultural individuality of athletics fans has been ignored in the literature. It might be assumed by some research workers that the race factor is adequate representation of an individual’s cultural background. It is. nevertheless. lone portion of the construct. Cultural individuality is defined as â€Å"a procedure of coming to footings with one’s ethnic-racial rank group as a outstanding mention group† ( Smith. 1991. p. 182 ) . Smith ( 1991 ) defined an cultural group as â€Å"a mention group called upon by people who portion a common history and culture† ( p. 181 ) . Harmonizing to Gordon ( 1985 ) . civilization influences our societal criterions. values. knowledges. societal perceptual experiences. ascriptions. feelings. and beginnings of motive. Persons develop their cultural individuality through their societal interaction with others. Through their interactions they begin to see themselves as others view them 4 ( Stryker. 1980 ) . Cultural individuality is viewed as portion of societal individuality and it was defined by Tajfel ( 1981 ) as â€Å"that portion of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his cognition of his rank of a societal group ( or groups ) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership† ( p. 255 ) . An cultural group is composed of a figure of persons who portion a sense of group individuality based on their alone civilization. which include values. ethical motives. and assorted imposts. every bit good as shared beginnings. In the larger society. cultural groups tend to keep a sense of peoplehood ( Dublin. 1996 ; Kornblum A ; Janowitz. 1974 ; Portes. 1996 ) . Forty old ages ago. Tumin ( 1964 ) defined an cultural group as â€Å"a societal group which. within a big cultural and societal system. claims or is accorded particular position in footings of complexness of traits which it exhibits or is believed to exhibit† ( p. 123 ) . Distinguishing between cultural groups is non ever simple. Some cultural minorities. such as African Americans. may hold obvious physical differences that set them apart from other cultural groups within the United States. but many biracial persons present an ambiguity because they belong to two or more cultural groups. which makes ethnicity a subjective concept ( Root. 1992 ) . Analyzing cultural individuality is really of import because it is the foundation for what an single believes about himself or herself. Given the significance of cultural individuality. many research workers have been analyzing this concept. Phinney ( 1990 ) reviewed 70 surveies of cultural individuality published between 1972 and 1990. She found that most of the surveies have used one of three theoretical models to analyze cultural individuality. The first model is the societal individuality theory which cultural individuality is considered a constituent of societal individuality. Social theory refers to the demand for an person to be a member of a group that provides him or her with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept. The 2nd model is the socialization prospective. The construct of socialization refers to alterations in the cultural attitudes. value. and behaviours that result from interactions between two distinguishable civilizations ( Berry. Trimble. A ; Olmedo. 1986 ) . These sorts of alterations are usually the concern of a group of persons. and how it relates to the dominant or host society. Cultural individuality can be an facet of socialization in which the focal point is on the persons and how they relate to their ain group as a subgroup of the larger society ( Phinney. 1990 ) . The 3rd model is developmental model. where cultural individuality is viewed as a procedure by which people construct their ethnicity. 5 Erikson ( 1968 ) indicated that individuality is the result of a period of geographic expedition and experimentation that usually takes topographic point during adolescence and leads to a determination of committedness in assorted countries. such as business. and faith. This position of cultural individuality suggests age as a factor is strongly related to developing one’s cultural individuality ( Phinney. 1990 ) . Phinney ( 1990 ) mentioned that most surveies have focused on certain constituents of cultural individuality. These constituents include self-identification as a group member. a sense of belonging to the group. attitudes about one’s group rank. and cultural engagement ( societal engagement. cultural patterns and attitudes ) . Self-identification represents the cultural label that one uses for oneself. The ability of kids to label themselves with the right cultural group was the addressed in a survey by Aboud ( 187 ) . Another issue was the relationship between incorrect labeling and hapless self-concept ( Cross. 1978 ) . Adults are expected to cognize their ethnicity but the issue is what label one chooses to utilize for himself or herself. However. some cultural groups have a small pick in what cultural rubric they can utilize for themselves frequently because of their typical tegument colour or civilization ( linguistic communication. frocks. imposts. etc. ) which distinguishes them from other groups. Additionally. some persons have two or more cultural backgrounds and they identify themselves as members of more than one group. Cultural self-identification is an of import but complex constituent of cultural individuality ( Phinney. 1990 ) . The feeling of belonging to one’s ain group is an of import component of cultural individuality. Some research workers have tried to measure the sense of belonging by either inquiring people how strong was their relationship with their groups or how separate they feel from other groups ( Driedger. 1976 ) . Members of every cultural group can hold positive or negative attitudes toward their ain group. Some of the positive attitudes related were pride in and pleasance. satisfaction. and contentment with one’s group ( Phinney. 1990 ) . Negative attitudes include dissatisfaction. displeasure. discontentedness. and a desire to conceal 1s individuality ( Driedger. 1976 ) . Peoples who display no positive attitudes or show negative attitudes can be seen as denying their cultural individuality ( Phinney. 1990 ) . In add-on. the engagement in the societal life and cultural patterns of one’s cultural group is considered a strong index of one’s cultural individuality. The societal and cultural patterns 6 that represent the engagement constituent include linguistic communication. friendly relationship. societal organisations. faith. cultural traditions. and political relations ( Phinney. 1990 ) . Phinney ( 1992 ) developed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure ( MEIM ) with the intent of measuring cultural individuality among assorted cultural groups. The graduated table was designed to mensurate three constituents of cultural individuality: avowal and belonging. cultural individuality accomplishment. and cultural behaviours. Roberts. Phinney. Masse. Chen. Roberts. and Romero ( 1999 ) examined the cogency of the MEIM and conducted factor analysis with a big sample. The results suggest that the scale steps two constituents of cultural individuality: cultural individuality hunt and avowal. belonging. and committedness. Cultural individuality hunt refers to a developmental and cognitive constituent. Affirmation. belonging. and commitment represent the affectional constituent. However. the graduated table has been proven to be a valid and dependable measuring and it will be used in the context of this survey. More treatment of the graduated table is provided in the method subdivision. Research workers have indicated that positive relationships do be between cultural individuality and self-esteem. self-concept. psychological wellbeing. accomplishment. and satisfaction ( Phinney. 1992 ; Roberts et Al. . 1999 ; Delworth. 1989 ) . However. it is the intent of this survey to analyze the relationship between cultural individuality and motives of athletics fans. Harmonizing to Phinney ( 1990 ) some surveies have used athletics as a cultural point to mensurate cultural individuality. Pons. Laroche. Nyeck. and Perreault ( 2001 ) indicated that the pick of a peculiar sporting event represents a strong cultural significance for the person. Some cultural groups tend to place with a specific athletics. for illustration. association football in the Italian community and hockey among the Gallic Canadian. Pons et Al. . ( 2001 ) stated â€Å"ethnic groups do non all react to featuring events in the same manner ; they differ in the agencies and the gait of their integrating into the host culture† ( p. 238 ) . African American consumers tend to go to historically Black college/university athleticss more often than they did any other athletics. The degree of cultural designation of African American fans has important affect on their attending frequence to historically Black college/university athleticss ( Armstrong. 2002 ) . Furthermore. old surveies showed differences in motive between African American and European American athletics fans based on ethnicity ( Wann. Bilyeu. Brennan. Osborn. A ; Gambouras. 1999 ; Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002 ; Armstrong. 2002 ) . 7à ¾ Therefore. it is expected that there is a relationship between athletics fans’ motive and cultural individuality. Research Hypotheses H1: Cultural individuality is positively related to feature fan motives. H2: There is a difference between African American and European American in their cultural individuality. Operational Definitions Ethnic Identity: â€Å"part of an individual’s self-concept that derives from his or her cognition of rank in a societal group ( or groups ) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership† ( Phinney. 1992. p. 156 ) . Sport fan: refers to person who is enthusiastic about a peculiar athletics squad or jock ( Wann. 1995 ) . Sport fan motive: refers to the grounds that drive persons to back up athletics squads. be loyal to them. purchase team/sport related merchandises. ticker and go to featuring events. Boundary lines This survey is delimitated to: 1. Investigate the cultural individuality and motives of athletics fans in general. For that ground. no specific group of fans ( i. e. . hoops fans. football fans ) was examined. 2. The pupil at Florida State University ( FSU ) and Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) . hence. the findings can non be generalized to populations other than the population from which the sample was drawn. 8 Limitations This survey is limited to the followers: 1. The result of this survey depends on the participants’ honestness and cooperation in replying the inquiries. 2. Due to the nature of this survey as self-administrated studies. the researcher’s entree is limited to the categories gained via permission to go to and run into. Premises This survey is based on the undermentioned premises: 1. The studies used in this survey are clear and apprehensible for the participants. 2. The participants will reply the inquiries candidly and accurately. 3. The studies are valid and dependable. Significance of the Study The athletics sellers are in a high competition within the athletics industry and besides with outside rivals. Young coevalss are attracted through engineering to new types of amusement such as computer/video games and the X-Games. â€Å"These new amusement options have already attracted a important sum of attending from the so -called X-generation† ( Kwon A ; Trail. 2003. p. 1 ) . Therefore. athletics sellers should be concern about the hereafter of the athletics industry. In order for athletics sellers to keep their consumer base and to pull immature coevals. they should research and analyze the devouring behaviour of athletics fans and the factors that might act upon their behaviour. Harmonizing to Gramann and Allison ( 1999 ) . â€Å"the addition in the cultural diverseness of North America is one of the most powerful demographic forces determining U. S. and Canadian society† ( p. 283 ) . Therefore. analyzing cultural individuality as an of import societal feature of athletics fans is of import to feature sellers. The importance of analyzing cultural groups among athletics fans is reflected by the increasing per centum of minority engagement in professional athletics. particularly African American. African American jocks represent 25 to 75 per centum of jocks on the rolls for the three popular athleticss ( baseball. hoops. football ) ( Gano-Overway A ; Duda. 2001 ) . 9 The end of this survey was to present a new step of fan motive which will help practicians in the athletics industry to understanding the drive factors for athletics fans to go to featuring events. support athletics squads. or purchase team/sport related merchandises. Besides. the relationship between motives and cultural individuality of athletics fans was examined. The result of the survey should supply practicians with valuable information to help them in understanding the assorted motivations of athletics fans based on their cultural individuality. Therefore. athletics sellers should be able to better their programs and schemes to keep their fan base and carry through the desires for their mark market. 10 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The intent of this chapter is to reexamine the literature on cultural individuality and motive of athletics fans. It should be noted that to day of the month. no research has combined and analyzed the interaction of the two identified variables. As such. the first subdivision of this chapter focuses on the research that has been done on the cultural individuality of athletics fans. The 2nd subdivision discusses motivations of athletics fans every bit good as graduated tables that have been used to measure these motivations. Cultural Identity and Sport Fans Ethnicity as societal and cultural feature of athletics fans has been ignored in the literature although the race factor. which is the physical facet of ethnicity. has been utilized for comparing between cultural groups. However. Armstrong ( 2002 ) examined the influence of cultural designation on Black consumers’ attending at historically Black college/university ( HBCU ) athleticss. To measure cultural designation. Armstrong used a self-report step in which participants were asked to place their cultural group based on cultural classs ( Black/African American. Caucasic. Latino. Asiatic. and â€Å"other† ) and to rate the strength of their designation with their cultural group on a graduated table from 1 ( weak ) to 5 ( really strong ) . The hypothesis was that the designation of Black consumers with their cultural group would hold a important influence on their attending frequence at HBCU athletics events. The findings offered support for the hypothesis bespeaking a positive relationship between cultural designation and attending frequence. In another survey. Armstrong ( 2000 ) examined the influence of cultural designation on African American students’ processing of persuasive athletics communications ( i. e. . advertizement. promotional messages. developmental runs. and proclamations ) . The cultural designation of the respondents was measured utilizing a 13-item graduated table developed by Whittler. Calatone. and Young ( 1991 ) . The scale buttockss two major factors of cultural designation ( cross-race attractive force and political and societal 11 dealingss among Blacks ) . The result of the survey revealed that cultural designation has an consequence on participants’ reaction to racial heuristics in the communicating. African American consumers are more likely to hold a positive reaction to a persuasive communicating if the message were culturally relevant and delivered by a Black interpreter. Pons et Al. ( 2001 ) looked at the impact cultural individuality could hold on the ingestion behaviour and orientation of athletics consumers. They measured linguistic communication ( 3 points ) . faith ( 3 points ) . and societal engagement with one’s ain cultural group ( 6 points ) as three dimensions of cultural individuality. The orientation of athletics consumers has three dimensions. The first dimension refers to featuring events as a supplier of esthesiss in which consumers have an emotional fond regard to the event or the merchandise. The 2nd dimension represents individuals’ demand to understand the sporting event. which lead to better grasp for the event. The 3rd dimension of orientation toward featuring event refers to the socialisation chances presented for athletics consumers. The ingestion behaviours include purchase of featuring good. tickets. and clip devoted to featuring events. The consequences offered support for the thought that cultural individuality has a positive impact on the ingestion and orientation of athletics consumers. In respect to the race of athletics consumers as portion of their ethnicity. research workers have found a difference between Blacks and White persons refering their athletics engagement ( Spreitzer A ; Snyder. 1990 ) . Sport engagement included seven dimensions â€Å"watching athleticss on telecasting. listening to feature on the wireless. reading the athletics pages of the newspaper. watching/listening to athleticss intelligence on radio/television. reading athleticss books. reading athleticss magazines. and speaking about athleticss with friends† ( Spreitzer A ; Snyder. 1990. p. 51 ) . The findings revealed important consequence of race on athletics engagement regardless of respondents’ societal background features ( i. e. . age. sex. instruction. income. town size ) . Blacks tend to be more involved in athletics than White persons. The writers argued that the findings reflect a typical subculture within the black community. Rudman ( 1986 ) examined the relationship between race. societal construction. and sport orientations. The chief end of the survey was to see whether factors that affect athletics orientations are race-dependant. The consequences showed Blacks to be more likely than White persons to go vicariously involved in athletics results and to integrate athletics into their day-to-day 12 lives. Based on the overall analyses. the writer argued that societal and economic conditions provide a better account of differences in athletics orientations. He used the term â€Å"culture of poverty† to bespeak that socioeconomic places are more likely to do boor inkinesss and peasant Whites see sport as an chance to heighten societal prestigiousness and economic place. At the college degree. Armstrong ( 2001 ) examined cultural minority students’ ingestion of college athletics events. The cultural minorities included African Americans. Asians. Hispanics. and â€Å"Others† . She looked at the grade of cultural minority students’ involvement in athletics spectating. the frequence in which they attend university sponsored sport events. and the factors that influence their determination to go to campus athletics events. Eight factors were tested to see their influence on the students’ attending. The factors are the monetary value of the tickets. academic committedness. important others. friends. watching the event on telecasting. the option to pass money on other things. non cognizing when tickets are available. the quality of the opposition. The factors identified had no important influence on students’ attending. The findings indicate that cultural minority pupils by and large had a favourable attitude towards athletics spectating. However. about 44 % of the pupil stated that they neer attend a campus athletics event. 41 % stated that they rarely attended. and 15 % have attended frequently. The writer contended that minority pupils had a favourable attitude toward athletics spectating but they neer or rarely attend athletics events on campus because they view these events as directed to a specific group ( i. e. . dominant cultural group ) . For minority pupils to be motivated to go to. the athletics event has to be socially and culturally relevant to the students’ cultural background. In professional athletics. Zhang. Pease. Hui. A ; Michaud ( 1995 ) and Zhang. Pease. Smith. Lee. Lam. A ; Jambor ( 1997 ) indicated that factors such as game publicities. comfortss. and schedule convenience influenced cultural minorities’ attending otherwise and more significantly than they did Whites’ . Therefore. athletics sellers should stress the sociocultural factors ( i. e. . offering different cultural nutrients at the grant stands. playing different cultural music. doing proclamation in different linguistic communications ) in advancing athletics ingestion of cultural minority consumers ( Armstrong. 2001 ; Hofacre A ; Burman. 1992 ; McCarthy A ; Stillman. 1998 ) . 13 In a direct connexion to the current probe. old surveies have found differences on the motives of athletics fans based on ethnicity. Wann. Bilyeu. Brennan. Osborn. A ; Gambouras ( 1999 ) investigated the relationship between athletics fans’ motive and race. A sample of 65 Euro-Americans and 32 African Americans completed the Sport Fan Motivation Scale ( SFMS ) . The SFMS. developed by Wann ( 1995 ) . includes eight motivational factors ( eustress. self-esteem benefit. recreation from mundane life. amusement value. economic value. aesthetic value. necessitate for association. and household demands ) . The findings indicated that Euro-Americans reported higher motive than African Americans. The writers argued that certain motivations might be applicable to merely a subset of races. In a recent survey. Bilyeu and Wann ( 2002 ) examined the racial differences in athletics fan motive between African Americans and European Americans. First. 50 African American participants completed a demographic questionnaire and an interview with the research worker to discourse their motivations for being a athletics fan. Second. the motivations discovered from the interviews were sent to African American psychologists and sociologists for proof. Third. the new motivations were added to the SFMS. so the African American and European American participants were asked to finish the SFMS. The findings suggested that three new factors be added to the SFMS: â€Å"representation ( e. g. . people of the same background ) . similarity ( e. g. . people they have things in common with ) . and support/perceived greater equality ( e. g. . people they want to win ) † ( Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002. p. 93 ) . Armstrong ( 2002 ) indicated that old probes of motive for athletics ingestion were non applicable to Blacken consumers because the samples used in these probes were preponderantly White. Therefore. she added a cultural association motivation to the SFMS. developed by Wann ( 1995 ) . and administered it to a sample of lone Black consumers of athletics. The findings supported the hypotheses that cultural association is a feasible motivation for Black’s athletics ingestion. In add-on. the factor construction of the SFMS with the inclusion of the cultural association motivation differed from old surveies ( Wann. 1995 ; Wann. Schrader. A ; Wilson. 1999 ) . Therefore. the Black Consumer’ Sport Motivation Scale ( BCSMS ) was introduced including the undermentioned factors: eustress. group diversion. aesthetics. cultural association. group amusement. flight. and 14 personal ( economic/psychological ) investing. At the decision of the survey. the writer stated. â€Å"behaviors and motivations related to feature ingestion may besides be influenced by the societal and psychological manifestations of culture† ( Armstrong. 2002. p. 329 ) . In drumhead. although research on cultural individuality for athletics fans is really limited. a strong relationship was found between athletics consumers’ cultural individuality and athletics ingestion and orientation. Besides. the differences found on the motives for athletics fans based on ethnicity. should bespeak a strong relationship between athletics fans’ motive and cultural individuality. However. it is the end of this probe to analyze this relationship.

Interesting Facts and Data About American Indians

Interesting Facts and Data About American Indians Due to longstanding cultural mythology and the fact that Native Americans constitute one of the smallest racial groups in the United States, misinformation about indigenous peoples abounds. Many Americans simply regard Native Americans as caricatures that only come to mind when Pilgrims, cowboys or Columbus are the topics at hand. Yet American Indians are three-dimensional people who exist in the here and now. In recognition of National Native American Heritage Month, the U.S. Census Bureau has collected data about American Indians that reveal noteworthy trends taking place among this diverse racial group. Get the facts about what makes Native Americans unique. Almost Half of Native Americans Are Mixed-Race More than five million Native Americans live in the United States, making up 1.7 percent of the population. While 2.9 million U.S. indigenous peoples identify as solely American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.3 million identified as multiracial, the Census Bureau reported. Thats nearly half of the indigenous population. Why do so many Natives identify as biracial or multiracial? The reasons for the trend vary. Some of these Native Americans may be the product of interracial couples- one indigenous parent and one of another race. They may also have non-Native ancestry that dates back to generations past. On the flip side, many whites and blacks claim to have Native American ancestry because race mixing has taken place in the U.S. for centuries. There’s even a nickname for this phenomenon, â€Å"Cherokee Grandmother Syndrome.† It refers to people who claim that a distant ancestor such as their great-great-grandmother was Native American. This isn’t to say that the whites and blacks in question are always lying about having indigenous ancestry. When talk show host Oprah Winfrey had her DNA analyzed on the television show â€Å"African American Lives,† she was found to have a significant amount of Native American lineage. Many people who claim American Indian origin don’t know much, if anything, about their Native ancestor and are ignorant about Native cultures and customs. Yet they may be responsible for a boost in the indigenous population if they claim Native ancestry on the census. â€Å"Reclaimers are perceived as preying upon the current trendiness of Nativeness as well as perhaps embracing this heritage for economic, or perceived economic, gain,† Kathleen J. Fitzgerald writes in the book Beyond White Ethnicity. Margaret Seltzer (aka Margaret B. Jones) and Timothy Patrick Barrus (aka Nasdijj) are just a couple of the white writers who profited from writing memoirs in which they pretended to be Native American. Another reason for the high number of multiracial Native Americans is the spike in the number of Latin American immigrants in the U.S. with indigenous ancestry. The Census Bureau found that Latinos are increasingly choosing to identify as Native American. Many Latinos have European, indigenous and African ancestry. Those who are intimately connected to their indigenous roots want such ancestry to be acknowledged. The Native American Population Is Growing â€Å"When Indians go away, they don’t come back. Last of the Mohicans, last of the Winnebago, last of the Couer d’Alene people†¦,† says a character in the Native American film â€Å"Smoke Signals.† He alludes to the widely spread notion in U.S. society that indigenous peoples are extinct. Contrary to popular belief, Native Americans did not all disappear when Europeans settled in the New World. Although the warfare and disease that Europeans spread upon arriving in the Americas did decimate entire communities of American Indians, U.S. indigenous groups are actually growing today. The Native American population rose by 1.1 million, or 26.7 percent, between the 2000 and 2010 census. That’s much faster than the general population growth of 9.7 percent. By 2050, the Native population is expected to increase by more than three million. The Native American population is concentrated in 15 states, all of which have indigenous populations of 100,000 or more: California, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, New York, New Mexico, Washington, North Carolina, Florida, Michigan, Alaska, Oregon, Colorado, Minnesota, and Illinois. While California has the largest number of Native Americans, Alaska has the highest percentage of them. Given that the median age of the Native American population is 29, eight years younger than the general population, the indigenous population is in a prime position to expand. Eight Native American Tribes Have at Least 100,000 Members Many Americans would draw a blank if asked to list a handful of the nation’s largest indigenous tribes. The country is home to 565 federally-recognized Indian tribes and 334 American Indian reservations. The largest eight tribes range in size from 819,105 to 105,304, with the Cherokee, Navajo, Choctaw, Mexican-American Indians, Chippewa, Sioux, Apache, and Blackfeet topping the list. A Significant Portion of Native Americans Are Bilingual Unless you live in Indian Country, it may be a surprise for you to learn that many Native Americans speak more than one language. The Census Bureau has found that 28 percent of American Indians and Alaska Natives speak a language other than English at home. That’s higher than the U.S. average of 21 percent. Among the Navajo Nation, a whopping 73 percent of members are bilingual. The fact that many Native Americans today speak both English and a tribal language is, in part, due to the work of activists who have striven to keep indigenous dialects alive. As recently as the 1900s, the U.S. government actively worked to stop Native peoples from speaking in tribal languages. Government officials even sent indigenous children to boarding schools where they were punished for speaking tribal languages. As elders in some indigenous communities died, fewer and fewer tribal members could speak the tribal language and pass it on. According to the National Geographic Society’s Enduring Voices Project, a language dies every two weeks. More than half of the world’s 7,000 languages will vanish by 2100, and many such languages have never been written down. To help preserve indigenous languages and interests worldwide, the United Nations created a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007. Native American Businesses Are Booming Native American businesses are on the rise. From 2002 to 2007, receipts for such businesses jumped by 28 percent. To boot, the number of Native American businesses increased by 17.7 percent during the same time period. With 45,629 Native-owned businesses, California leads the nation in indigenous enterprises, followed by Oklahoma and Texas. More than half of indigenous businesses fall into the construction, repair, maintenance, personal and laundry services categories.

Global Trends Impact in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Trends Impact in China - Essay Example Even though, the immense popularity gained by the ‘China Bashing’ in the global media, there is very little existing analytical work on the overall economic impact of China. The size of China is a key issue which is very debatable. The economic size is an ambitious thing to quantify. â€Å"It is well known that market exchange rates do not properly weight differences in living costs, may fluctuate by large amounts, and may be subject to manipulation by governments† (Robertson, 2) The GDP of China according to the exchange rates is half the size of the United States. Therefore, if looking closely, China has awfully large range of 50% to 125% of the GDP of the United States. â€Å"China is projected to be the largest economic power with almost a fifth of world gross domestic product (GDP), and India will continue to rise. The two Asian giants will have by far the biggest middle classes in the world (23 and 18 per cent of global middle class consumption in 2030, respectively).† (Global trends and Chinas future|Comment|chinadaily.com.cn) Due to the introduction of the economic reforms, there had been a boost and the economy of China gradually grew faster than the pre reform period. From 1953 to 1978, real annual GDP was estimated at 6.7% according to the Chinese government. Economist Agnus Maddison estimated China’s average annual real GDP during this period at 4.4%. However during the leadership of Mao Zedong (Chairman), the China economy faced economic downfalls. China was able to double the size of its economy since 1979 as its average real GDP increased to 10%. â€Å"The global economic slowdown, which began in 2008, impacted the Chinese economy. China’s real GDP growth fell from 14.2% in 2007 to 9.6% in 2008, and slowed to 9.2% in 2009. In response, the Chinese government implemented a large economic stimulus package and an expansive monetary policy.† (Morrison, 3) Due to these actions and measures taken, the domestic saving and consumption boosted and

History Of Chanel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History Of Chanel - Research Paper Example The paper presents the products that became global icons. We could also say that the fame of the two Chanel products in the discussion was inspired by Coco Chanel's passion to reveal to the world what she loved most. These must have built the foundation for her success in the fashion industry. Channel remains to be one of the most popular industries, especially for women fashion. The company's logo alone is what women are dying to have and to be. Chanel is so popular with the fashionable young women because it arrives at every product category of the simple design of products it has. Chanel Camellia has gained so much popularity that has even been involved in beauty crà ¨me. Camellia is in Chanel skin care these days. The Hydra Beauty line is made up of Camellia Alba PFA as it stimulates optimal moisture within skin cells. Seemingly, camellia has grown so extensive not only in fashion wear but also in cosmetics. Most importantly, the company has most of the products that almost all women dream owning. These include fine handbags, fashionable dresses, and pairs of earring. Most Chanel products are also designed with so much care and creativity to an extent that it appears so responsible to what people wear. With all these, it is quite obvious that the Chanel brand will stay relevant for years to come while offering a wide range of fashion for men, women, and children. This is, therefore, a company that should be placed at the place of 'master distributors'.

Short answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short answers - Essay Example ng Congressional action with his authorship of the Federalist Papers and his stern belief in a more balanced and financially fair system of government expenditures. An early and notable military leader during the war for American independence, Washington eventually rose to become the first president of the United States. A devout American patriot, Washington was respected by many citizens in that time as both a strong military might and a fair potential president. Despite Washingtons retirement to Mount Vernon prior to being elected the first American president, he remained influential in many governmental matters until his death in 1797, supporting the idea that Congress should fund the debt of the nation. An early puritanical leader, Hutchinson maintained somewhat radical religious beliefs for that time, eventually establishing a bible study lesson for citizens who had migrated to the New World in the 1600s. Her viewpoints on religion eventually caused her to be banished from the early colonial society, however her progressive thinking in relation to religion serves, today, as a map for the evolution of religious beliefs in early colonial America. Angry over Britains imposition of excessive taxation, colonial Americans opened up crates of tea, which was set for exportation to other nations, and dumped it into the harbor to prevent England from receiving profit and taxes on the tea. The colonists were also angry that imported tea distributors/manufacturers were not paying import taxes, which could have assisted the economy of early America. This act enraged England and is noted as the starting point for the Revolutionary War. Angry over Britains constant imposition of taxes on the colonists without their approval, the term no taxation without representation involved the early colonial American belief that taxes cannot and should not be expected to be paid (or acknowledged) without some form of governmental representation that speaks on behalf of citizens.

The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive Essay

The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive - Essay Example Townsend (2011, p. 587) illustrates that the compatibilities which electronic and electrical equipment must comply with include designing equipment during the production process in a manner which facilitates reuse, repair, recycling and disassembly. This compatibility is guided by the WEEE’s principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). The major goal of the directive is described by Vaisvila and Vaicikonis (2006, p. 43) as the minimization of the disposal of unsorted municipal refuse or waste and thus facilitate the achievement of a separated WEEE collection. Additionally the directive provides that the management systems within electrical and electronic industries must be designed and organized both in individual basis and collectively so that the directive is not violated by these industries.   Hidy, et al. (2011, p. 990) add that apart for provision of recycling and recovery targets, the WEE directives provides that export of electronic and electrical equipment ca n only be achieved through compliance with the WEEE directive. Furthermore the directive provides that manufacturers of this equipment must take responsibility for the costs associated with the picking of waste from the collection centers and also for the processes of refurbishing the equipment in readiness for reuse or recycling.Quinnell (2005, p. 71) explains that the large appliances which are used in households such as washing machines and refrigerators are covered by the WEEE directive. Small appliances such as hair dryers.

LAW2112 European Single Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LAW2112 European Single Market - Essay Example However, under Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 issued on October 15 1968 on freedom of movement, which renders inapplicable statutory, administrative and regulatory provisions that have the effect of limiting the employment of nationals of other Member States and are not applicable to its own citizens or even if applicable but has the chief aim of hindering the employment of the nationals of other Member States, linguistic requirements are held exempted. Put differently, a Member State may require workers from other Member States certain linguistic competence if the same â€Å"is required by reason of the nature of the post† (Article 3 s[1]) without violating the rule on national discrimination. If Greta is going to teach music within UK providing music lessons to students eight hours a week, she has the right to enjoy freedom of residence albeit temporarily under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU as a person providing services of profession. Under Article 56 of the said Treaty on the right of establishment, EU citizens have the right to provide services anywhere within the EU even beyond their respective national borders. Services under the Treaty context may refer to either one of the following: activities of an industrial character; activities of a commercial character; activities of craftsmen, and; activities of the professions (Article 57, Treaty on the Functioning of the EU). Greta may come within the ambit of one giving services involving activities of the music profession. Costas cannot be rejected on the ground that being a postman is an â€Å"employment of public service† because it does not entail an exercise, directly or indirectly, of public power or the protection of the interest of the state. Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, the freedom of movement of workers from one Member State to other Member States within the EU is not applicable to public service employment. Article 45, s (d) specifically states that

Cellular pathology critical review assignment Essay

Cellular pathology critical review assignment - Essay Example ules A and B, which present viral peptides to the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, thereby avoiding their clearance from the body which leads to establishment of infection and later malignancy. For the in vitro study immortalized human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, primary bovine PalF cells and NIH 3T3 cell lines which expressed the HPV-16 E5 protein was used and some NIH 3T3 expressed HPV-6 E5. After subsequent culture, suitable immunological assays were carried out to detect the presence and localization of the MHC class I molecules in these cells. While in the control cell lines MHC molecules were localized both in the cell surface and within the GA, in the HPV-16 E5 expressing cells the molecules were found exclusively in the GA. The study also showed that HPV-16 E5 did not affect the synthesis of MHC molecules unlike BPV E5 and that the expression of the E5 protein did no affect the transporter protein responsible for the transport of MHC molecules. To determine the effect of interferon , all the cell lines were treated with interferon ÃŽ ², which resulted in all the cell lines having similar levels of MHC molecules and also the molecules were found on the cell surface in the E5 expressing cell lines thus proving that the inhibition on transport of MHC molecules is reversed upon treatment with interferon. The study also noted that E5 did not down regulate the expression of HLA-C and E, involved in inhibiting NK cell-mediated lysis. The two most striking limitations observed is: the study was carried out in vitro and in vivo reproducibility needs to be ascertained and secondly, the detection of the E5 protein was carried out by RT-PCR rather simpler techniques. The two major strengths include: this is the first paper to show the immune evasion mechanism by the HPV E5 protein and the cell lines used are a good model for understanding the mechanism and finally, the study explores the gene level expressions involved in the down regulation process of the MHC molecules. In

LAW2112 European Single Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LAW2112 European Single Market - Essay Example However, under Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 issued on October 15 1968 on freedom of movement, which renders inapplicable statutory, administrative and regulatory provisions that have the effect of limiting the employment of nationals of other Member States and are not applicable to its own citizens or even if applicable but has the chief aim of hindering the employment of the nationals of other Member States, linguistic requirements are held exempted. Put differently, a Member State may require workers from other Member States certain linguistic competence if the same â€Å"is required by reason of the nature of the post† (Article 3 s[1]) without violating the rule on national discrimination. If Greta is going to teach music within UK providing music lessons to students eight hours a week, she has the right to enjoy freedom of residence albeit temporarily under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU as a person providing services of profession. Under Article 56 of the said Treaty on the right of establishment, EU citizens have the right to provide services anywhere within the EU even beyond their respective national borders. Services under the Treaty context may refer to either one of the following: activities of an industrial character; activities of a commercial character; activities of craftsmen, and; activities of the professions (Article 57, Treaty on the Functioning of the EU). Greta may come within the ambit of one giving services involving activities of the music profession. Costas cannot be rejected on the ground that being a postman is an â€Å"employment of public service† because it does not entail an exercise, directly or indirectly, of public power or the protection of the interest of the state. Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, the freedom of movement of workers from one Member State to other Member States within the EU is not applicable to public service employment. Article 45, s (d) specifically states that

Red Cross's Crisis Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Red Cross's Crisis Communications Plan - Essay Example Crisis Communication addresses the process of managing a crisis situation, by roping in measures to counter the ill-effects of the situation. Crisis communication helps in analyzing the detriments and then working on the strengths, while also accentuating the positives. It helps in limiting, restricting and then, countering the negatives achieved during the crisis. Hence, it is a very important function for any organization. This paper is an attempt to analyse the Crisis Communication Strategy for one of the leading stores in Britain---John Lewis. John Lewis the retail store that is one of the most popular ones, in Britain. The store has been functional since 1864 and hence, it carries a legacy, robust management and a favourable position amongst the masses. The retail stores are extremely popular, and has branches in almost every city in the country. John Lewis has an employee base of 60,000 employees and hence, is a huge organization. With the level of popularity and the size of the organization, the stakes are rather high for John Lewis when it comes to handling situations that could be detrimental to its image. Crises situations in the past have occurred. For instance, once there was an instance when fire broke out and the retail company had to handle the situation by developing a good communication plan, to balance and fill in the lacunae. The crisis situation we can take up, is that of a new product launch and its consequent withdrawal. A company invests a large amount of planning, efforts, finance and publicity in the launching of a new product. However, when it is required to be taken off the shelves, it is indeed a crisis situation for the company, since it entails the handling of the stakeholders' interests, besides the financial community and also, the general public who procure a bad image of the company. The situation in John Lewis is the same, and hence, a robust crisis communication plan needs to be chalked out. For this, one must first look at the aims and objectives of the plan: Firstly, the main objective is to reach out to the stake holders, to ensure them that their interests are not at stake and is in the process of betterment. Secondly, it involves reaching out to the masses and delivering the exact scenario, while dispelling myths or apprehensions and ensuring that the company will be back with a bang, with their support. Thirdly, it is to convey to the media, the exact problem, the manner in which it is being solved and how the company is concerned about returning back to the grind, in all positivity. For John Lewis, the policy statement for the addressing of the crisis would be, the revealing of the exact reason behind withdrawal of the product. The product here is a new kitchenware. The appliance is an electrical water heater that can also turn hard water into soft

Need for Power Essay Example for Free

Need for Power Essay The need for power is just one part of McClellands acquired needs theory. The Other Parts of the Theory are Need for Achievement and Need for Affiliation. I would like to stay and write about part The need for Power. We can find little theory about this topic (The need for Power) in book Organizational Behavior on page 101. There is: A third major individual need is the need for power – the desire to control one ´s environment, including financial, material, informational, and human resources. People vary greatly along this dimension. Some individuals spend much time and energy seeking power, other avoid power if at all possible. People with a high need for power can be successful managers if three conditions are met. First, they must seek power for the betterment of the organization rather than for their own interest. Second, they must have a fairly low need for affiliation because fulfilling a personal need for power may well alienate others in the workplace. Third, they need plenty of self-control to curb their desire for power when it threatens to interfere with effective organizational or interpersonal relationship. Resources for this theory: David McClelland and David H. Burnham, â€Å"Power Is the Great motivator,â€Å" Harward business Review, March-April 1976, pp. 100-110. Pinder, Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior, McClelland and Burnham, â€Å"Power Is the Great Motivator.â€Å" We can identified four stages within the power orientation: 1) Drawing inner strength from others being a loyal follower and serving the power of other people; 2) Strengthening oneself beginning to play the power game, collecting symbols of status, one-upmanship, trying to dominate situations; 3) Self-assertiveness becoming more aggressive and trying to manipulate situations so as to use other people to achieve ones own targets; 4) Acting as an instrument of higher authority identifying with some organization or authority system and employing the methods learnt in stages 2 and 3 but now being able to claim formal legitimacy. Blake and Mouton (1964) would feature the kind of person who maximizes this kind of approach as having the Authority Obedience style of management: concentrating on maximizing production through the exercise of personal authority and power. Individuals with a high need for power exhibit a number of characteristics. These individuals tend to be more argumentative. We can see in real life that they are often elected to political offices (member of government etc.). These individuals are also more assertive when a part of in-group discussions. They are known for displaying risk-taking behavior and they also tend to own more prestigious possessions such as expensive cars and credit cards. I think that this people tend to be and want to be on public display. In examing the motive scores of over 50 managers of both high and low morale units in all sections of the same large company, we found that most of the managers over 70% were high in power motivation compared with men in general. This finding confirms the fact that power motivation is important for management. (Remember that as we use the term power motivation, it refers not to dictatorial behavior, but to a desire to have impact, to be strong and influential). The better managers, as judged by the morale of those working for them, tended to score even higher in power motivation. But the most important determing factor of high morale turned out not to be how their power motivation compared to their need to achieve but whether it was higher than their need to be liked. This relationship existed for 80% of the sales managers as compared with only 10% of the poorer managers. And the same held true for other managers in nearly all parts of the company. In the research, product development, and operations divisions, 73% of the better managers had a stronger need for power than a need to be liked (or what we term affiliation motive) as compared with only 22% of the poorer managers. Why should this be so? Sociologists have long argued that, for a bureaucracy to function effectively, those who manage it must be universalistic in applying rules. That is, if they make exceptions for the particular needs of individuals, the whole system will break down. The manager with a high need for being liked is precisely the one who wants to stay on good terms with everybody, and, therefore, is the one most likely to make exceptions in terms of particular needs. If an employee asks for time off to stay home with a sick spouse to help look after the kids, the affiliative manager, feeling sorry for the person, agrees almost without thinking. (I am personally this kind of manager. I have a high need for being liked. I think that if people have a confidence in the manager he can do more things – also not so popular – and the people will accept them and also him.) When President Ford remarked in pardoning ex-President Nixon that he had suffered enough, he was empathizing primarily with Nixon ´s needs and feeling. Sociological theory and our data both argue, however, that the person whose need for affiliation is high does not make a good manager. This kind of person creates poor morale because he or she does not understand that other people in the office will tend to regard exceptions to the rules as unfair to themselves, just as many U.S. citizens felt it was unfair to let Richard Nixon off and punish others less involved than he was in the Watergate scandal. Advantages / disadvantages There are both positive and negative aspects in regards to the need for power. Being argumentative can be perceived as an ideal expression of one’s opinion; although it can also create threatening environments for those of a more compliant nature. Having an assertive manner in group discussions can make others feel as though one is dominating a discussion within the group. However, this individual may have a profound impact on the group’s progress by assisting in accomplishing tasks more efficiently. Participating in risk-taking behavior can allow an individual to experience more radical events in their life, but sometimes risk-taking behavior can lead to undesirable consequences. Owning luxurious items tends to be costly, even though these possessions may make one feel good about themselves and their lives. My conclusion The need for power is good if it is useful for organization and also if the manager can use some kind of humanity to the other. For manager figure is very important the confidence. The people (other) must confidence in him and then they will better in accept his conclusion.

Media Images Essay -- Body Image, Beauty

I confess that I am one of those women who look forward to monthly magazines telling me the new month’s facade of â€Å"beauty†. Starting at a very young age, women are convinced that in order to be happy, accepted, respected, successful, sexy or beautiful; they must fit a particular mold that society has formed for them. The media defines the accepted and changing representation of beautiful and perfect that women feel they must achieve. As mentioned in the video Killing Us Softly 4, we’re told that women are acceptable only if they’re young, thin, white, perfectly groomed and polished, plucked and shaved. Any deviation from this is not ideal or acceptable. This standard of attractiveness for women that is portrayed in the media is not only unrealistic, but unattainable by most women. This body type that we see in advertisements as acceptable or desirable is one that fewer than 5% of American women have, According to Juan-Hwan & Lennon (2007). Women enga ge in a comparison between their bodies and these unrealistic images on beauty. There are so many images of â€Å"beautiful† women, which people try very hard to mimic. These images are everywhere and hard to ignore as the average woman sees 400 to 600 advertisements per day. According to Millard (2009), â€Å"advertising heavily influences beauty standards and that women in particular compare themselves with models despite the gap between retouched perfection and reality.† (p. 147). These standards emphasize unrealistic body types and because most women are not gifted with the ideal body size and shape, conforming to these ideals of female beauty is difficult. These messages of ideal beauty are difficult to ignore. Millard’s article on Dove’s â€Å"Real Beauty† Campaign stated the following: When... ...of beauty and women are oppressive in that they contribute to the limitation and restriction of women. In advertising, women are portrayed as being inferior which is false and objectifying. The obsession with thinness, the ideal image of beauty and oppression of women are all public problems that affect us all, man or woman. Inner beauty is forgotten and deemed unimportant in our society. The problems leave us with nothing but a shallow, depressed, miserable, unrealistic society with standards that leave people feeling inadequate and rejected. The media should give a more realistic body type for women to look up to. Women need to work together to help change attitudes, and neutralize the negativity that society and the media create. We can refuse to take the media so seriously and try to challenge the idealistic images in advertising and their demeaning messages.

12 Angery Men :: essays research papers

12 Angry Men Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The jury member I chose to do my paper on was Mr. Davis (the member who voted not guilty first), because he used many task messages, did not allow physical factors to affect his decisions, and was a successful emergent leader at some points in the case.These three points made Mr. Davis a very effective communicator. Using task messages made Davis effective because he kept the group moving along towards it’s goal. Not allowing physical factors into his decisions allowed him to make better choices. Being an emergent leader made Mr. Davis effective because he showed leadership when it was needed. Mr. Davis is an effective communicator because he used assorted task messages, did not allow physical factors into his decisions, and became an emergent leader at certain times in the discussion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing that made Mr. Davis an effective communicator was that he used many task messages. One type of task message he used was initiating. An example of this would be when he first voted not guilty and everyone else did, and had everyone tell him why they thought the boy was guilty. Another type of task message Mr. Davis used was gathering information. This would be when he asked everyone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  at the table to give their opinion on why the boy was guilty or not. Although the task messages he used were the most obvious reasons why Mr. Davis was an effective communicator, another important point is that he did not allow petty physical factors into his judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second most obvious way in which Mr. Davis was an effective communicator was how he kept physical factors out of his decisions. One physical factor that he kept out his decisions was time. Some of the jury members allowed the time for discussion to affect their decisions, by wanting to get the case over with. Another physical factor Mr. Davis did not take into account was his personal goals. Unlike some of the other jury members, Mr. Davis wanted to find out if the boy really was guilty or not. The fact that Mr. Davis did not allow physical factors into his decisions was an important point, but equally important was how he emerged as a leader at critical points.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another important part of Mr. Davis’ effective communication was how he arose as a leader during the case. One such time was at the beginning when Mr.

History of Uganda Essay

In the year 1890 to 1926, the British government forged what is today the country called Uganda although they are not the initial unity negotiators in the country. The derivation of the name Uganda was from the kingdom of Buganda. This kingdom encompasses the southern portion which includes Kampala, its capital city. Prior to the unification of the country by the British, the country was under the control of the dynasty of the Bachwezi. These are the same people who had an influence upon Rwanda, the government of Tanzania as well as Congo in the period 1100 to 1600 AD (Akallo & Alford 38-40). Background Information about Uganda The nation of Uganda is an East African landlocked country which takes its name from the kingdom of the Buganda. This has the encompassing of the portion in the southern part of the nation which incorporates Kampala, its capital city. This East African country borders Kenya, Sudan, DRC, Rwanda and Tanzania. It is land locked and its southern side is made up of Lake Victoria where the borders to Kenya and Tanzania intersect (White 1-6). About the LRA The Lords Resistance Army is a guerrilla army of a sectarian type whose base is in the northern part of Uganda. The LRA emerged out of the wreckage of the Uganda National Liberation Army in 1986, and settled down by Joseph Kony in early 1987. The activities of the group include armed rebellion directed to the Ugandan government making it a major conflict in Africa as one of the longest-running conflicts LRA was involved in committing abuses as well as atrocities of high magnitude ranging from abduction, maiming, raping of the female, mass killing of the civilians and mostly the children. The movement also played a pivotal role in the destabilization of the northern region of Uganda operating from Sudan, which was their base. They also congregated in an eastern region in Congo called Bunia. They made links with Army for Liberation of Rwanda, the (ALIR) among other rebel groups (White 1-6). LRA came into being in 1987 for the purpose of engagement in the armed rebellion directed to the government of Uganda. This has been a major conflict in Africa. The leader of the group, Joseph Kony was in a position for self proclamation as Gods spokesman as well as a Holy Spirit medium. According to the belief of the Acholi, there is a possibility for diverse forms of manifestation by the Holy Spirit. This group holds to syncretistic blend involving the Christianity, the mysticism as well as Islam, the traditional religions in Uganda as well as witchcraft. The claims of the group are the establishment of theocratic state whose basis is the Ten Commandments in line with the tradition of the Acholi. This group has been a focus for accusations for the violation of human rights. This include actions of murder, forcing of the children to take part in the violent hostilities, their abduction and mutilation, sexual enslavement of the children as well as women The origin and history of the LRA The army is projected to contain two thousand members functioning in northern parts of Uganda as well as southern part of Sudan. The army has been propped by the nation of Sudan. Majority of its operations are based in the northern parts of Uganda although there is evidence of its operations in some regions in the DRC of Congo as well as Sudan (Akallo & Alford 38-40). Ideology of the LRA The LRA reportedly is responsible for the evocation of the nationalism of Acholi people on occasion, but majority of the observers have a negative feeling with regard to the sincerity of their activities. The motives behind the operations of the group are the overthrowing of the incumbent government of Uganda with the consequent replacement of the regime that will comply with the implementation of the Christianity brand of the group. In frequent occasions, the group is involved in the kidnapping as well as the assassination of the local civilians for the purpose of the discouragement of any foreign investment as well as the precipitation of the crisis in the government (Akallo & Alford 38-40). What the LRA have done The group terrorized the locals people, theft from villages, flaming huts, cruel mutilation of the villagers. Massacres and atrocities took place to people in many villages. Majority of those people were displaced from their homes and were forced by the circumstances to live in the caps where life was miserable. The access to food as well as medical care among other human necessities was difficult to obtain. The group abducted vulnerable children to make foot-soldiers this made them to forfeit their chances for schooling as well as the development of their social lives. The children were forced to kill people mainly the villagers, their family members or even friends. LRA killed over 200 people and kidnapped at least 20 children from villages over a three-day period in the past 20yrs. So far, The LRA has abducted over 20,000 children, forcing boys to fight as soldiers and girls to serve as sex or labor slaves. (United Nations) How the LRA affected the people’s lives in Uganda Many people in Uganda lost their home and lives. Children who were used to be child soldiers have been suffered in physical or emotional ways. LRA has been documented as having abducted above 60 000 children as well as youth in Uganda. In every three of the male adolescent, one of them has been abducted, while in every 6 of the female adolescent, one of them has been abducted. The young women as well as the girls of the origin of the Acholi as well as the Langi are used to perform some chores while in captivity for the rebels and their abductors. These include fetching water, cooking, carrying of supplies, cleaning for the commanders of the army. They also played the roles of forced wives to the group members and therefore the majorities were impregnated. Increasing HIV / AIDS rate The conflict of LRA has a great effect on the children due to escalating incidences of premature sex, premature marriages, defilements of great magnitudes, incidences of rape as well as sexual harassment. In the extreme of these situations the young girls as well as women who are the victims of the abduction are made wives to the rebels. This has an implication of exposure to HIV/AIDs. These young women upon being rescued from the rebels usually encounter difficult life situations leading to their involvement in prostitution. The same applies to those who have been displaced and resort to live in camps. This has also contributed to escalating cases of HIV/AIDs. This situation is common ion the northern region of Uganda (Gatwech 23-43). Uganda has seen one of the most effective national responses to the HIV/AIDS pandemic on the African continent. According to the Uganda Aids Commission, so far, around 130,000 Ugandans are infected with the HIV virus every year. Over 1,000,000 (one million) citizens in the country of Uganda is the actual estimate subsisting with HIV, 520,000 of them being women while 110,000 of them are children (Gatwech 23-43). The lives of the ex-child soldiers were distorted by the effects of the involvement in the activities of the group. It was difficult for the children to go back to schools. Majority of the were in a situation that they needed some more chances in order to resume to normal life. This is because to the majority abduction took place at a stage that was early in life. The young soldiers greatly fear to take involvement in revenge as well as a chance of acceptance. Majority of the citizens consider these kids to be killers but the fact is that they are usually very good people (Gatwech 23-43). Conclusion and solutions In conclusion, to solve this internal conflict, the government is duty bound to conduct the development as well as the implementation of the most comprehensive strategy addressing issue of security, humanitarian action as well as political action. The army should be reformed as well as re-oriented which is only achievable through the provision of a path responsible for the negotiation and allow for the transition of the country to greater democracy. The life of the young children who took part in the conflict is at peril and the responsibility of their rehabilitation falls on the government. Works Cited Akallo, Grace. & Alford, Deann. â€Å"Survived Hell† Ignite Your Faith Vol. 65 Issue 8, p38-40 2007. Gatwech, Shame. â€Å"More victims of LRA rebels revealed in South Sudan† Sudan Tribune p23-43, 2009. White, C. Todd, â€Å"Uganda† Country Report p1-6, 6p, 2007

Meteorologist: What do they do? Essay

Meteorologists are very involved in the world today. You might see them on T.V or hear their voice on the radio. Wherever they are they help you in many ways. The word â€Å"meteorology† refers to the Greek word meteoron. Meteoron refers to an astronomical phenomenon. The science of meteorology was eventually referred to the study of the atmosphere. Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere. Meteorologists, also known as atmospheric scientists, study the atmosphere’s physical characteristics, motions, processes, and the way it effects the rest of our environment. High school students interested in meteorology should take as many classes as possible in mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanical drawing, and physical science. A bachelor’s degree in meteorology is the minimum job requirement. A master’s degree is necessary for most positions and a Ph.D. is required for most research positions. Most colleges and universities have meteorological programs. You must be good at reading comprehension, critical thinking, active learning, writing, and mathematics. Meteorology includes instruction in atmospheric chemistry, physics, weather dynamics, climatology and climate change, weather simulation, forecasting, climate modeling, mathematical theory, and the studies of clouds. After four or more years of sweating through exams, and slaving into the wee hours of the morning to complete term papers it’s time for your next challenge- getting a job. One of the best places to start is by asking questions to recent graduates who have found jobs. After asking questions you should attend seminars and workshops that your school may have on resume writing and interviewing. The federal government employs more than four-tenths of all meteorologists, therefore they are the largest employer. The second largest employer is the National Weather Service and the third is the Department of Defense and Armed Forces. Others work for stations and companies. Financially, meteorologists have a good outlook. Meteorologists who work for  the National government with a bachelor’s degree in meteorology make around $19,500 to $24,200 a year. A master’s degree earns about $24,200 to $29,600 a year and a Ph.D. earns about $35,800 to $42,900. Most experienced meteorologists make around $46,000 a year. Meteorologists work very hard to be what they are. They go through many years of college and hard work. Meteorologists are also very involved with the world today. Without them we would not know if it would rain or be sunny today.